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. 2018 Mar 2;9(3):138. doi: 10.3390/genes9030138

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Wnt signalling in the adult Drosophila midgut during homeostasis, regeneration, ageing and hyperplasia. (i) Schematic of the cellular composition and architecture of the adult Drosophila midgut epithelium and its microenvironment; (ii) Main sources of the Wnt stem cell niche and pathway activation during intestinal homeostasis. The VM and EBs produce Wg ligand to active signalling within ISC and drive their proliferation. Wg signalling activation in ECs by Tnks and Ebd inhibit ISC proliferation non-autonomously; (iii) Sources of the Wg stem cell niche and pathway activation during intestinal regeneration following damage and upon ageing. Up-regulation of Wg from EBs activates Wg signalling and its downstream target dMyc to drive ISC proliferation. The VM niche expresses Wg but is dispensable for ISC proliferation in this context; (iv) Wnt pathway activation during intestinal hyperplasia and functional pathways downstream of Apc. JNK and Yki activation in Apc^−/− cells drive ISC proliferation and cell competition leading to apoptosis of neighbouring wild type cells. ISC: intestinal stem cell; EB: enteroblast; EC: enterocyte; ee: enteroendocrine cell; BM: basement membrane; VM: visceral muscle; esg: escargot; hdc: headase; Wg: Wingless; Tnks: Tankyrase; Ebd: Earthbound; Ewg: Erect wing; Yki: Yorkie; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Upds: Unpaired cytokines; EGFR: Epithelial growth factor receptor; JAK: Janus kinase.