Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adult tuberculosis (TB) patients at the time of diagnosis, enrolled between August 2015 and February 2017 in Dar es Salaam (urban) and Ifakara (rural), Tanzania
| Characteristics | All | Urban | Rural | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 668 | 460 | 208 | |
| Age groups in years, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| 18–24 | 112 (16.8) | 78 (17.0) | 34 (16.4) | |
| 25–33 | 199 (29.8) | 151 (32.8) | 48 (23.1) | |
| 34–43 | 220 (32.9) | 155 (33.7) | 65 (31.3) | |
| ≥ 44 | 137 (20.5) | 76 (16.5) | 61 (29.3) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.81 | |||
| Female | 214 (32.0) | 146 (31.7) | 68 (32.7) | |
| Male | 454 (68.0) | 314 (68.3) | 140 (67.3) | |
| HIV status, n (%) | ||||
| Negative | 497 (74.4) | 352 (76.5) | 145 (69.7) | |
| Positive | 167 (25.0) | 108 (23.5) | 59 (28.4) | 0.18 |
| Unknown | 4 (0.6) | 0 | 4 (1.9) | |
| Time to ART initiation in days, median (IQR) | 15 (11–35) | 14 (11.5–20.5) | 24 (11–64) | 0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.85 | |||
| No/primary | 552 (82.6) | 381 (82.8) | 171 (82.2) | |
| Secondary/university | 116 (17.4) | 79 (17.2) | 37 (17.8) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Unemployed | 257 (38.5) | 100 (21.7) | 157 (75.5) | |
| Employed | 411 (61.5) | 360 (78.3) | 51 (24.5) | |
| Smoking status a, n (%) | 166 (24.9) | 122 (26.5) | 44 (21.2) | 0.18 |
| Alcohol abuse b, n (%) | 158 (23.7) | 105 (22.8) | 53 (25.5) | 0.46 |
| People in the household, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 3 | 428 (64.1) | 315 (68.5) | 113 (54.3) | |
| > 3 | 240 (35.9) | 145 (31.5) | 95 (45.7) | |
| History of TB contact, n (%) | 101 (15.1) | 59 (12.8) | 42 (20.2) | 0.014 |
| Household monthly income, n (%) | 0.032 | |||
| < 100 USD | 459 (68.7) | 328 (71.3) | 131 (63.0) | |
| ≥ 100 USD | 209 (31.3) | 132 (28.7) | 77 (37.0) | |
| Patient category | < 0.001 | |||
| New case | 643 (96.3) | 454 (98.7) | 189 (90.9) | |
| Recurrent case | 24 (3.5) | 6 (1.3) | 18 (8.7) | |
| Return after lost to follow-up case | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 18.3 (16.7–20.3) | 18.5 (17–20.4) | 17.5 (16.2–19.6) | < 0.001 |
| BMI categories in kg/m2, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Underweight, < 18.5 | 362 (54.2) | 229 (49.8) | 133 (63.9) | |
| Normal, 18.5–24.9 | 278 (41.6) | 205 (44.6) | 73 (35.1) | |
| Overweight, 25.0–29.9 | 21 (3.1) | 20 (4.4) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Obese, ≥ 30 | 7 (1.1) | 6 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Hb level in g/dl, median (IQR) | 11.0 (9.7–12.5) | 11.1 (9.9–12.6) | 11.0 (9.3–12.1) | 0.27 |
| Body fat in %, median (IQR) | 10.8 (8.0–14.8) | 10.6 (7.8–14.8) | 11.5 (8.3–14.8) | 0.087 |
| Diagnosis delay in weeks, median (IQR) | 4 (3–8) | 4 (3–6) | 8 (4–12) | < 0.001 |
| Diagnosis delay in weeks, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 3 weeks | 174 (26.1) | 153 (33.4) | 21 (10.1) | |
| > 3 weeks | 492 (73.9) | 305 (66.6) | 187 (89.9) | |
| Visiting traditional healers, n (%) | 86 (12.9) | 26 (5.7) | 60 (28.9) | < 0.001 |
| Helminth factors, n (%) | ||||
| Occupational risk c | 274 (41.0) | 232 (50.4) | 42 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
| Individual deworming d | 377 (56.4) | 304 (66.1) | 73 (35.1) | < 0.001 |
| Part of mass drug campaign d | 83 (12.4) | 73 (15.9) | 10 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
ART Antiretroviral therapy, BMI Body mass index, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, Hb Haemoglobin level, IQR Inter-quartile range
USD United States Dollars (1 USD = 2171 Tanzanian Shillings, June 2016)
aDefined as current smoking
bAlcohol use defined as drinking alcohol regularly—at least three standard bottles of beer (or equivalent) per day
cOccupational risk for helminth infection defined as working in rice fields, car washing, harvesting sand, or fishing
dDeworming practice in past 12 months