Table 3.
Factors associated with recurrent tuberculosis (TB) among TB cases in urban and rural Tanzania
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P-value | OR | (95% CI) | P-value |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.06 | (1.04–1.09) | < 0.001 | 1.06 | (1.02–1.10) | 0.001 |
| Male sex | 4.42 | (1.18–16.5) | 0.027 | 3.04 | (0.73–12.6) | 0.13 |
| BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 | 2.47 | (0.99–6.11) | 0.051 | 3.0 | (0.85–10.3)) | 0.087 |
| Body fat (%) | 0.98 | (0.91–1.04) | 0.50 | – | – | – |
| Social characteristics | ||||||
| Higher education level a | 0.67 | (0.2–2.29) | 0.52 | – | – | – |
| Employed | 0.44 | (0.2–0.99) | 0.046 | 1.52 | (0.47–4.87) | 0.49 |
| Monthly income > 200 USD | 0.76 | (0.31–1.89) | 0.56 | – | – | – |
| Living in the rural | 6.79 | (2.73–16.86) | < 0.001 | 3.97 | (1.16–13.67) | 0.029 |
| Household members > 3 | 0.76 | (0.32–1.8) | 0.53 | – | – | – |
| History of TB contact | 2.5 | (1.03–6.04) | 0.04 | 1.66 | 0.55–5.03 | 0.37 |
| Individual deworming b | 0.38 | (0.17–0.89) | 0.026 | 0.59 | (0.19–1.76) | 0.34 |
| Occupational risk c | 1.04 | (0.46–2.34) | 0.92 | – | – | – |
| Smoking | 0.48 | (0.15–1.50) | 0.21 | – | – | – |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.70 | (0.25–1.96) | 0.50 | – | – | – |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| HIV infection | 1.38 | (0.66–2.88) | 0.39 | 0.51 | (0.19–1.38) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.93 | (0.52–16.60) | 0.23 | 3.25 | (0.43–4.65) | 0.25 |
| Severe anaemia d, g/dl | 1.07 | (0.34–3.37) | 0.91 | – | – | – |
| Haematuria | 0.3 | (0.02–5.10) | 0.41 | – | – | – |
| Any helminth infection | 0.99 | (0.38–2.65) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, BMI Body mass index
Logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, employment status, setting (urban/rural), history of TB contact in the household, individual deworming, HIV infection and diabetes
aHigher education level consists of TB patients who completed their secondary of university education
bIndividual deworming habit in the last 12 months prior to TB diagnosis
cOccupational risk for helminth infection defined as working in rice fields, car wash, harvesting sand, or fishing
dSevere anaemia defined as blood haemoglobin (Hb) level < 8.5 g/dl