Table 4.
Frequency distribution of helminth infection among adult TB patients in Dar es Salaam (urban) and Ifakara (rural), Tanzania
| Helminth infection | All, n (%) | Urban | Rural | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI | |||
| Total | 668 (100) | 460 (68.9) | 208 (31.1) | |||
| Any helminth infection a | 154 (23.1) | 118 (25.7) | 21.7–29.6 | 36 (17.3) | 12.2–22.5 | 0.018 |
| Soil-transmitted helminths infections b | ||||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 89 (13.3) | 79 (17.2) | 14.4–21.5 | 10 (4.8) | 1.9–7.8 | < 0.001 |
| Hookworm | 45 (6.7) | 26 (5.7) | 3.7–8.1 | 19 (9.1) | 5.3–13.2 | 0.12 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 2 (0.3) | – | – | 2 (1.0) | – | – |
| Trichuris trichiura | 5 (0.8) | 2 (0.4) | – | 3 (1.4) | – | – |
| Schistosomiasis | ||||||
| Schistosoma mansoni b | 15 (2.3) | 8 (1.7) | 0.57–3.1 | 7 (3.4) | 0.9 to 5.9 | 0.21 |
| Schistosoma mansoni c | 53 (7.9) | 19 (4.13) | 2.4–6.2 | 34 (16.4) | 11.4–21.6 | < 0.001 |
| 1+ | 19 (43.2) | 0 | – | 19 (63.3) | – | – |
| 2+ | 6 (13.6) | 0 | – | 6 (20.0) | – | – |
| 3+ | 19 (43.2) | 14 (100) | 5 (16.7) | – | – | |
| Schistosoma haematobium d | 19 (2.8) | 16 (3.5) | 1.9–5.4 | 3 (1.4) | – | – |
| Multiple helminth infection | 0.63 | |||||
| None | 471 (70.5) | 322 (70.0) | 65.8–74.2 | 149 (71.6) | 65.5–77.7 | |
| Mono-infection | 159 (23.8) | 108 (23.5) | 19.6–27.4 | 51 (24.5) | 18.7–30.3 | |
| Infection with ≥2 species | 16 (2.4) | 10 (2.2) | 0.86–3.5 | 6 (2.9) | 0.62–5.2 | |
TB Tuberculosis, POC-CCA Point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen
aIncluding POC-CCA positive tests (Schistosoma mansoni)
bBased on stool microscopy
cBased on POC-CCA test only
dBased on urine filtration