Figure 1.

Model 2: Results of structural equations modeling for the intensive self-report measure of prenatal tobacco exposure. The numbers represent standardized path coefficients. Unstandardized coefficients are presented in text. For ease of presentation, nonsignificant paths are not depicted in the figure, nor is child sex, a covariate which was not related to any other variable. Covariances between all exogenous variables were included in model testing, but only significant covariances are depicted in figure. The error terms for the measured indicator are not depicted in figure. TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; Edu = Education; TLFB = Timeline Followback. Variance inflation factors for this model ranged from 1.15 to 2.62. Additional models were run using each of the 3 trimester averages separately rather than the combined average across pregnancy. Average cigarettes per day in each trimester significantly predicted fetal growth, and resulting R2’s ranged from 0.144 to 0.148. *p < .05; **p < .01.