Table 2.

Summary of Published Cancer Case Reports in Transmen Who Underwent Hormonal or Surgical Gender Affirmation Therapy

Cancer Site	No. of Cases	Location(s)	Age, years	Gender Affirmation Status	Comments	References
Vagina	1	Germany	60	Hysterectomy and phalloplasty	HPV positive; diagnosed 18 years after SRS	35
Cervix	2	United States, Czech Republic	38–54	2/2 cases had HT, and 1 case had mastectomy.	Both cases were diagnosed less than 10 years after HT.	17, 34
Breast	7	Netherlands, United States, Serbia, United Kingdom	27–53	4/7 cases had mastectomy, and 7/7 cases had HT.	0/2 cases BRCA1 (+), 0/2 cases BRCA2 (+), 5/7 cases ER (+), 4/7 cases PR (+), 3/5 cases HER2 (+). Cases diagnosed between 1 and 13 years after HT	44, 45, 64–66
Ovary	3	Netherlands, United States	38–46	3/3 cases had HT, 1/3 cases had hysterectomy and phalloplasty, and 3/3 cases had mastectomy.	2/2 cases were VEGF (+), 2/2 cases were EGFR (+), 1/1 case was ER (+), 1/1 case was PR (+), 1/1 case was AR (+). Cases were diagnosed 1–28 years after HT.	18, 67
Endometrium	1	United States	51	Received HT	Case was diagnosed less than 10 years after HT.	17

Abbreviations: AR, androgen receptor; BRCA1 and BRCA2, breast cancer susceptibility genes, type 1 and type 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ER, estrogen receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 gene; HPV, human papillomavirus; HT, hormone therapy; PR, progesterone receptor; SRS, sex reassignment surgery; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; +, positive.