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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 26.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Health Econ. 2018 Jan 23;4(1):105–130. doi: 10.1162/ajhe_a_00095

Table 2.

Facility-Level Clinical Outcome, Inspection Deficiency, and Staffing Averages in Non-P4P and P4P States in 2001

Non-P4P
States		 P4P
States
% of residents who:
 were physically restrained (SD) 10.40 (10.94) 8.47 (8.88)
 developed pressure sores (SD) 14.56 (11.36) 12.62 (10.28)
 had moderate to severe pain(SD) 11.72 (11.35) 14.28 (11.63)
 had unexplained weight loss (SD) 10.27 (8.79) 9.27 (7.40)
 had a bladder catheter inserted (SD) 6.76 (7.89) 6.45 (7.19)
 had falls (SD) 8.84 (6.07) 10.17 (6.07)
% of facilities that had:
 any deficiencies 90.32 88.88
 deficiencies at the immediate jeopardy level 2.47 2.42
Staffing ratios:
 total staff hours per resident day (SD) 3.19 (1.18) 2.96 (1.02)
 RN + LPN hours per resident day (SD) 1.10 (0.71) 1.03 (0.58)

Notes: All measures are at the facility-level and summarized for all quarters in 2001, prior to P4P implementation in the states and time period we consider.