Table 1.
Study | Population | Sample sizea | Gender | Primary treatment orientation | Outcome measures | Post-treatment follow-up period (in months)b | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abracen et al. (2011) | Sex offender | 119 | Male | CBT | Sexual violent recidivism | M = 122.7 | There was no effect of treatment for PSY or non-PSY groups. |
Barbaree (2005) | Sex offender | 224 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 62 (1–120) | PSY predicted sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism at significantly higher rates. |
Caldwell, Skeem, et al. (2006), | Adolescent | 141 | Male | Behavioral | Nonsexual violent recidivism | 24 | High PSY adolescents treated at the MJTC were significantly less likely to violently recidivate than high PSY adolescents in TAU. |
Caldwell (2011) | Adolescent | 248 | Male | Behavioral | Nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 54 (24–79) | High PSY adolescents treated at the MJTC were significantly less likely to violently recidivate than high PSY adolescents in TAU. |
Caldwell et al. (2007) | Adolescent | 86 | Male | Behavioral | Nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 50.6 (3–83.5) | No relation between PSY and violent recidivism at follow-up. |
Chakhssi et al. (2010) | Forensic psychiatric | 74 | Male | CBT | Institutional violence | No post-treatment follow-up. However violence was measured in 6 month increments for 18 months as treatment was ongoing. | Approximately 25% of PSY became more violent while most showed no change in violence. |
Gretton et al. (2001) | Adolescent sex offender | 264 | Male | Not specified | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 55 (7–106) | PSY predicted sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism at significantly higher and faster rates. |
Hildebrand et al. (2004) | Psychiatric sex offender | 94 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 141.6 (21.6–282) | PSY predicted sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism at significantly higher and faster rates. |
Langton et al. (2006) | Sex offender | 571 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism, treatment dropout | M 70.8 (<1–140.4) | PSY predicted treatment dropout, sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism, and faster failure rates for violent recidivism. |
Looman et al. (2005) | Sex offender | 154 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism | Median was approximately 5 years, specific data not reported | PSY predicted sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism at significantly higher and faster rates. |
Olver and Wong (2006, 2009) | Sex offender | 156 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism, treatment dropout | M = 118.8 (25.2–216) | PSY predicted treatment dropout, sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism, and faster failure rates for violent recidivism. |
Olver et al. (2013) | General forensic | 152 | Male | CBT | Nonsexual violent recidivism, change in violence risk scores | M = 58.8 | PSY predicted less change in violence risk scores and higher rates of violent recidivism. |
Richards et al. (2003) | General forensic | 404 | Female | CBT | Institutional violence | M = 14 | PSY was associated with violence prior to and during treatment, but was not associated with violence rates post-treatment. |
Rice et al. (1992) | Forensic psychiatric | 322 | Male | Therapeutic community | Nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 126 | Violent recidivism for treated PSY was significantly higher than for untreated PSY. |
Seto and Barbaree (1999) | Sex offender | 216 | Male | CBT | Sexual & nonsexual violent recidivism | M = 32 (1.3–81) | High PSY men with better treatment behavior were more likely to recidivate with sexual or nonsexual violence. |
Skeem et al. (2002) | Community psychiatric | 195 | Not specified | Multiplec | Self & collateral reported violent behavior | No post-treatment follow-up. However, violence was measured in 10 week increments for 12 months as treatment was ongoing. | More persons in high PSY group receiving 7+ sessions were violent than persons in high PSY group receiving 0–6 sessions at first follow-up, but no differences at remaining 4 follow-ups. |
Spain et al. (2004) | Adolescent (50% sex offenders) | 85 | Male | REBT | Institutional violence | No post-treatment follow-up | PSY predicted higher rates of violent incidents during treatment program. |
Note. PSY = Psychopathy; CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; REBT = Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; MJTC = Mendota Juvenile Treatment Center; TAU = Treatment as Usual Comparison Group.
Numbers reflect total sample prior to attrition or exclusion from analyses for missing data.
There was no uniform method of reporting for these data across studies; for ease of comparison we converted all data to time in months when sufficient information was provided. Where available we report means and ranges of follow-up periods in parentheses.
There was no uniform treatment program or modality of treatment of patients in this study.