Table I.
Effects of nutraceuticals on metabolic syndrome components
| Nutraceuticals | Effects on metabolic syndrome components | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal obesity | Blood pressure | Glycemic and lipid metabolism | |
| Black rice | No effect on plasma lipids [108] | ||
| Calcium | ↓ Adiponectin [88] | ↓ Cholesterol levels [85] ↓ IFG or diabetes [86] |
|
| Chokeberry | ↓ Cholesterol [32] ↓ Triglycerides [32] ↓ LDL-C [32] No effect on glycemic profile [32] |
||
| Citrus bergamia | ↓ Cholesterol [17] ↓ Triglycerides [17] ↓ LDL-C [17] ↑ HDL-C [17] |
||
| Curcumin | ↓ Body weight [31, 32] ↓ Body fat [31, 32] ↓ Waistline [31, 32] ↓ Hip circumference [31] ↓ BMI [31, 32] |
↓ Fasting glucose [32] ↓ Total cholesterol [32] |
|
| Equol | ↓ LDL-C [84] | ||
| Garlic | ↓ Systolic and diastolic blood pressure [42] | ||
| GIMM (inulin, β-glucan, blueberry polyphenols) | ↓ Ghrelin concentrations [49] | ↑ Blood glucose tolerance [49] No effect on lipid profile [49] |
|
| Ginseng | ↓ Body weight [57] | ↓ Fasting glucose [57] ↓ HbA1c [57] ↑ Insulin [60–64, 66] ↓ Cholesterol [58] ↓ LDL-C [58] Suppression of HMG-CoA reductase [58] Suppression of cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase [58] |
|
| Green tea | ↓ Body fat, body weight [21, 22] ↓ Waist circumference [22] |
↓ Blood pressure [21, 38] | ↓ Cholesterol [38] ↓ Triglycerides [38] ↓ LDL-C [38] ↑ HDL-C [38] |
| Mulberry | ↓ Adiponectin [52] | ↓ Cholesterol [52] ↓ Triglycerides [52] ↓ LDL-C [52] ↑ HDL-C [52] |
|
| Omega-3 fatty acids | EPA and DHA ↓ adipose tissue mass [24] | Beneficial effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on systolic and diastolic blood pressure [44, 45] | ↓ Cholesterol [65, 66] ↓ Triglycerides [65, 66] ↓ LDL-C [65, 66, 107] ↑ HDL-C [65, 107, 133] |
| Phosphorus | ↓ Blood pressure [48] | ||
| Pomegranate | ↓ Blood pressure [35–37] ↓ Systolic blood pressure [112] |
No effects on serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels [89] | |
| Quercetin | Its effects on blood pressure have not been conclusive [46] ↓ Systolic and diastolic blood pressure [47] |
||
| Resveratrol | No effect on BMI, body weight, fat mass and abdominal fat distribution [28] | Does not reduce plasma levels of TC, LDL-C and TG [50] | |
| Soy | ↓ LDL-C [84] | ||
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | ↓ Cholesterol [79–81] ↓ Triglycerides [79–81] ↓ LDL-C [79–81] ↓ Apoprotein B [79–81] ↑ HDL-C [79–81] |
||
| Vitamin B12 | ↓ LDL-C [120] | ||
| Vitamin D | No significant change in plasma concentrations of adiponectin and leptin [29] ↓ Body weight, waist circumference and BMI [30] |
↓ Systolic blood pressure [30] | ↓ HOMA-IR [30] |
| Zinc | ↓ Cholesterol [90] ↓ Triglycerides [90] ↑ HDL-C [90] ↓ Glucose intolerance and diabetes [90] |
||