Table 1. Baseline balance parameters during standing with eyes open and eyes closed.
Difference in a parameter between groups assessed using ANOVA. Difference in a parameter within a group during standing with eyes open and eyes closed assessed using repeated measures MANOVA. Underlined bold characters highlight statistically significant difference between the balance parameter in two conditions (p<0.05). Bold characters highlight difference between the balance parameter that was just above statistical significance (0.1<p<0.05).
| Healthy Young | Healthy Elderly | Fall Risk | Group difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankle AP (deg) | ||||
| Eyes open | 1.78±0.74 | 1.57±1.0 | 1.85±0.97 | F(2,9) = 0.27 p = 0.7622 |
| Eyes closed | 2.09±0.63 | 2.0±1.02 | 2.90±1.45 | F(2,9) = 2.07 p = 0.1457 |
| F(1,9) = 2.92 p = 0.1214 | F(1,9) = 2.92 p = 0.2609 | F(1,9) = 5.93 p = 0.0377 | ||
| Ankle ML (deg) | ||||
| Eyes open | 1.33±0.69 | 1.26±0.36 | 1.97±0.89 | F(2,9) = 2.95 p = 0.0692 |
| Eyes closed | 1.66±0.73 | 1.70±0.61 | 2.51±0.91 | F(2,9) = 3.99 p = 0.0304 |
| F(1,9) = 0.97 p = 0.3498 | F(1,9) = 4.58 p = 0.0610 | F(1,9) = 2.76 p = 0.1318 | ||
| Ankle sway (deg^2) | ||||
| Eyes open | 1.76±1.35 | 1.79±1.35 | 3.23±4.21 | F(2,9) = 0.99 p = 0.3854 |
| Eyes closed | 3.29±2.44 | 3.32±2.43 | 5.34±3.73 | F(2,9) = 1.61 p = 0.2184 |
| F(1,9) = 7.24 p = 0.0248 | F(1,9) = 4.42 p = 0.0650 | F(1,9) = 1.80 p = 0.2126 | ||
| Hip AP (deg) | ||||
| Eyes open | 2.33±0.89 | 1.82±0.70 | 2.91±1.0 | F(2,9) = 3.89 p = 0.0327 |
| Eyes closed | 2.97±1.11 | 2.34±0.53 | 4.62±2.28 | F(2,9) = 6.14 p = 0.0063 |
| F(1,9) = 4.76 p = 0.0571 | F(1,9) = 7.63 p = 0.0220 | F(1,9) = 5.14 p = 0.0495 | ||
| Hip ML (deg) | ||||
| Eyes open | 1.01±0.32 | 1.18±0.28 | 1.69±0.62 | F(2,9) = 6.59 p = 0.0047 |
| Eyes closed | 1.58±0.60 | 1.40±0.58 | 2.19±1.01 | F(2,9) = 2.97 p = 0.0683 |
| F(1,9) = 12.50 p = 0.0064 | F(1,9) = 1.32 p = 0.2805 | F(1,9) = 2.56 p = 0.1444 | ||
| Hip sway (deg^2) | ||||
| Eyes open | 1.90±1.21 | 1.58±0.78 | 4.01±2.70 | F(2,9) = 5.62 p = 0.0091 |
| Eyes closed | 4.87±4.11 | 2.51±1.61 | 7.54±5.01 | F(2,9) = 4.26 p = 0.0246 |
| F(1,9) = 6.51 p = 0.0311 | F(1,9) = 5.12 p = 0.0500 | F(1,9) = 5.32 p = 0.0465 | ||
| COM AP (cm) | ||||
| Eyes open | 0.89±0.39 | 0.83±0.34 | 1.03±0.43 | F(2,9) = 0.74 p = 0.4850 |
| Eyes closed | 1.21±0.43 | 1.12±0.45 | 1.68±0.64 | F(2,9) = 3.43 p = 0.0472 |
| F(1,9) = 8.46 p = 0.0174 | F(1,9) = 3.67 p = 0.0876 | F(1,9) = 8.29 p = 0.0182 | ||
| COM ML (cm) | ||||
| Eyes open | 0.50±0.26 | 0.53±0.11 | 0.82±0.36 | F(2,9) = 4.63 p = 0.0187 |
| Eyes closed | 0.73±0.30 | 0.69±0.24 | 1.04±0.45 | F(2,9) = 3.24 p = 0.0550 |
| F(1,9) = 9.10 p = 0.0145 | F(1,9) = 4.30 p = 0.0679 | F(1,9) = 2.00 p = 0.1905 | ||
| COM sway (cm^2) | ||||
| Eyes open | 0.35±0.26 | 0.37±0.22 | 0.72±0.64 | F(2,9) = 2.40 p = 0.1098 |
| Eyes closed | 0.86±0.62 | 0.69±0.43 | 1.40±0.96 | F(2,9) = 2.74 p = 0.0822 |
| F(1,9) = 10.98 p = 0.0090 | F(1,9) = 5.27 p = 0.0473 | F(1,9) = 3.69 p = 0.0870 |