Table 2. Ankle angular deviations and sway during standing without and with calves’ vibration.
Difference in a parameter before (baseline) and during vibration assessed using repeated measures MANOVA. Differences in frequencies of parameter increases and decreases that occurred during vibration assessed using χ2 test. Underlined bold characters highlight statistically significant difference between the balance parameter in two conditions (p<0.05). Bold characters highlight difference between the balance parameter that was just above statistical significance (0.1<p<0.05).
| Healthy Young | Healthy Elderly | Fall Risk | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ankle AP (cm) |
Eyes open | Baseline | 1.78±0.74 | 1.57±1.0 | 1.85±0.97 |
| 40 Hz | 3.30±1.52 | 2.23±0.61 | 2.13±1.0 | ||
| F(1,9) = 8.37 p = 0.0178 | F(1,9) = 8.84 p = 0.0156 | F(1,9) = 0.43 p = 0.5271 | |||
| (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.056 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | |||
| 30 Hz | 2.68±1.45 | 2.26±0.67 | 2.49±1.62 | ||
| F(1,9) = 3.14 p = 0.1101 | F(1,9) = 4.51 p = 0.0628 | F(1,9) = 3.29 p = 0.1030 | |||
| (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 5 (-) 5 p = 1.0 | |||
| Eyes closed | Baseline | 2.09±0.63 | 1.02±2.09 | 2.90±1.45 | |
| 40 Hz | 3.22±1.38) | 3.22±1.38) | 2.56±1.24 | ||
| F(1,9) = 5.00 p = 0.0522 | F(1,9) = 1.49 p = 0.2529 | F(1,9) = 1.62 p = 0.2355 | |||
| (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 2 (-) 8 p = 0.0568 | |||
| 30 Hz | 2.91±1.69 | 2.15±0.49 | 2.23±0.72 | ||
| F(1,9) = 2.2990 | F(1,9) = 0.2474 | F(1,9) = 5.29 | |||
| p = 0.1638 | p = 0.6308 | p = 0.0471 | |||
| (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | (+) 2 (-) 8 p = 0.0568 | |||
|
Ankle ML (cm) |
Eyes open | Baseline | 1.33±0.69 | 1.26±0.36 | 1.97±0.89 |
| 40 Hz | 2.39±0.83 | 2.14±0.82 | 1.99±0.64 | ||
| F(1,9) = 10.22 p = 0.0109 | F(1,9) = 9.00 p = 0.0149 | F(1,9) = 0.01 p = 0.9565 | |||
| (+) 9 (-) 1 p = 0.0114 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 5 (-) 5 p = 1.0 | |||
| 30 Hz | 2.56±0.92 | 1.60±0.45 | 2.0±1.0 | ||
| F(1,9) = 16.21 p = 0.0030 | F(1,9) = 4.01 p = 0.0763 | F(1,9) = 0.01 p = 0.9213 | |||
| (+) 9 (-) 1 p = 0.0114 | (+) 7 (-) 3 p = 0.2059 | (+) 4 (-) 6 p = 0.5271 | |||
| Eyes closed | Baseline | 1.66±0.73 | 1.70±0.61 | 2.51±0.91 | |
| 40 Hz | 2.32±1.11 | 2.23±0.39 | 2.38±0.49 | ||
| F(1,9) = 2.19 p = 0.1734 | F(1,9) = 5.01 p = 0.0519 | F(1,9) = 0.31 p = 0.5910 | |||
| (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 5 (-) 5 p = 1.0 | |||
| 30 Hz | 2.31±0.52 | 2.04±0.80 | 2.23±0.60 | ||
| F(1,9) = 5.7602 p = 0.0399 | F(1,9) = 0.95 p = 0.3545 | F(1,9) = 1.93 p = 0.1984 | |||
| (+) 9 (-) 1 p = 0.0114 | (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | (+) 2 (-) 8 p = 0.0568 | |||
|
Ankle sway (cm^2) |
Eyes open | Baseline | 1.76±1.35 | 1.79±1.35 | 3.23±4.21 |
| 40 Hz | 5.81±3.83 | 3.06±2.02 | 2.89±1.89 | ||
| F(1,9) = 16.16 p = 0.0030 | F(1,9) = 3.29 p = 0.1031 | F(1,9) = 0.06 p = 0.8158 | |||
| (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 5 (-) 5 p = 1.0 | |||
| 30 Hz | 5.85±4.86 | 3.02±1.52 | 3.25±3.16 | ||
| F(1,9) = 6.3004 p = 0.0333 | F(1,9) = 4.05 p = 0.0751 | F(1,9) = 0.01 p = 0.9809 | |||
| (+) 7 (-) 3 p = 0.2059 | (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 4 (-) 6 p = 0.5271 | |||
| Eyes closed | Baseline | 3.29±2.44 | 3.32±2.43 | 5.34±3.73 | |
| 40 Hz | 6.70±5.51 | 3.85±1.80 | 4.63±3.88 | ||
| F(1,9) = 2.94 p = 0.1204 | F(1,9) = 0.22 p = 0.6514 | F(1,9) = 1.53 p = 0.2471 | |||
| (+) 8 (-) 2 p = 0.0568 | (+) 6 (-) 4 p = 0.5271 | (+) 3 (-) 7 p = 0.2059 | |||
| 30 Hz | 6.82±6.61 | 3.03±1.77 | 3.52±1.62 | ||
| F(1,9) = 2.79 p = 0.1292 | F(1,9) = 0.08 p = 0.7807 | F(1,9) = 4.49 p = 0.0632 | |||
| (+) 7 (-) 3 p = 0.2059 | (+) 4 (-) 6 p = 0.5271 | (+) 3 (-) 7 p = 0.2059 |