GDNF increases SSC-specific gene expression and enhances colonization in testes transplants. (A) qRT-PCR from 6-week-old testis RNA showing a significant increase in undifferentiated SSC markers Gfra1, Ret, Plzf and Lin28a, but no changes in differentiation markers Kit or Stra8. mRNA levels were normalized to β-actin and mean±s.e.m. calculated in triplicate (n=3 per genotype). *P<0.05; ***P<0.0001. (B) FACScan analysis of Tg(Gdnf) testis shows increases in GFRA1 and THY1.2 fractions, but not the KIT fraction. (C) Seminiferous tubules in testes transplants repopulated with wild-type or Tg(Gdnf) donor cells marked by LacZ expression. (D) Quantification of LacZ-positive colonies from wild-type or Tg(Gdnf) donor cells in recipient testes 2 months post-transplantation. Values are the mean colony number per 105 donor cells±s.e.m. (three recipients per genotype). (E) Percentage of THY-1+, GFRA1+ and KIT+ cells in total testicular cell suspensions calculated from the FACS analysis in B. Scale bars: 100 µm.