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. 2018 Mar 20;9:513. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00513

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

A hypothetical incomplete nitrogen cycle on early Mars. Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed to oxidized nitrogen species via abiotic processes such as volcanic lightning (Stern et al., 2015), thermal shock during impacts (Summers and Khare, 2007), and irradiation from solar and cosmic sources (Smith et al., 2014).