Table 2.

Patients' characteristics and perioperative results in all laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases

	Human assistant group (n = 134)			Soloassist group (n= 248)			p
	mean	SD	range	mean	SD	range
Age, years	64.1	16.7	27–93	64.7	15.9	16–95	0.30
Sex, male/female		62/72			125/123		0.54
BMI, kg/m2	23.9	4.0	15.6–34.3	23.6	4.0	11.4–38.6	0.45
ASA score
1	29			59
2	70			124
3	33			63			0.54
4	2			2
Number of doctors	2.8	0.49	2–4	2.3	0.50	2–4	<0.01
Operation time, min	131.4	57.8	39–280	107.2	47.5	30–336	<0.01
Set-up time, min	36.8	7.95	18–70	35.2	6.24	19–72	0.17
Blood loss, ml	71.6	147.2	5–970	70.7	128.5	5–1,270	0.21
LOHS, days	9.4	4.2	1–42	6.5	4.9	1–39	0.04

Set-up time = Duration between room entry and skin incision; LOHS = postoperative length of hospital stay; SD = standard deviation.