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. 2018 Mar 9;8(3):155. doi: 10.3390/nano8030155

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Light microscopic images (20× magnification) (A) of 20 nm AgNP with 24 h stimulation at 0.01 μg/mL; 1 μg/mL; 5 μg/mL; 10 μg/mL. Significant particle aggregations can be observed. Scale bar = 100 µm. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (B) measured in cell media supernatant did not change after 2 h or 24 h AgNP stimulation, indicating no change in cell death. Metabolic activity (C) was measured using resazurin based assay. Both AgNP and DENP increased microglial metabolic activity, not in a dose dependent manner. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (D) levels in cell media increased significantly following 2 h and 24 h AgNP stimulation. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (E) p65 phosphorylation was increased significantly in microglial cells following 30 min AgNP exosure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (F) generated in microglia significantly increased after 75 min AgNP stimulation. Hypothalamic cell survival (G) neurodegeneration increased (as measured by percent cell survival as compared to control) significantly following 24 h incubation with filtered conditioned media. Student’s t-test, * <0.5; ** <0.005; *** <0.001; **** <0.0001 vs. control.