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. 2018 Mar 9;8(3):155. doi: 10.3390/nano8030155

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (A) release into media was significantly increased following CGNP stimulation (labeled as DENP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (B) generated in microglial cells significantly increased after 75 min stimulation CGNP stimulation (labeled as DENP). Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) (C) p65 phosphorylation in microglia was significantly increased after 30 min CGNP stimulation (labeled as DENP) stimulation. Hypothalamic neuronal death (D) was increased significantly following 24 h incubation with filtered conditioned media. Student’s t-test, * <0.5; ** <0.005; **** <0.0001 vs. control.