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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 27.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan 20;101(9):1185–1192. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309729

Table 1.

Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants who did and those who did not progress from unilateral to bilateral any AMD, or from unilateral to bilateral late AMD, in the BMES, BDES, RS individually and combined three cohorts

5-year progression
BMES
BDES
RS
Combined
No progression Progression p Value* No progression Progression p Value* No progression Progression p Value* No progression Progression p Value*
 Unilateral any AMD to bilateral any AMD
 Participants, n (%)     241     94 (28.1)     506     119 (19.0)     404     126 (23.8)     1151     339 (22.8)
 Mean age (SD), years   66.1 (7.5)   72.4 (7.12)   <0.0001   63.6 (9.4)   69.8 (9.0)   <0.0001   68.1 (7.3)   70.9 (7.8)   0.0002   65.7 (8.5)   70.9 (8.1)   <0.0001
 Sex (male), %   41.5   46.8   0.4   49.2   42.9   0.2   44.1   40.5   0.5   45.8   43.1   0.4
 Smoking status, %
   Never   57.5   49.5   0.3   43.1   40.3   0.9   34.3   29.6   0.6   42.9   38.9   0.3
   Past   28.8   37.6   37.2   39.5   45.0   48.8   38.2   42.4
   Current   13.7   12.9   19.8   20.2   20.8   21.6   18.9   18.7
 CFH (rs1061170), %
   TT   44.2   32.1   0.04   40.3   21.9   0.0003   45.9   34.5   0.02   43.0   29.2   <0.0001
   CT   40.9   41.7   47.8   57.1   42.0   44.5   44.5   48.5
   CC   14.9   26.2   11.9   21.0   12.2   21.0   12.6   22.4
 ARMS2 (rs10490924), %
   GG   66.7   46.8   0.003   62.5   47.1   0.003   65.7   53.8   0.004   64.4   49.5   <0.0001
   GT   31.8   46.8   33.0   42.9   32.2   38.7   32.5   42.3
   TT     1.5     6.3     4.6   10.1     2.1     7.6     3.1     8.2
 Combined genetic risk category†, %
   0 risk alleles   27.8   11.4   0.007   23.5   10.9   <0.0001   29.6   18.5   0.003   26.5   13.9   <0.001
   1 risk allele   43.3   45.6   46.3   35.3   43.1   38.7   44.6   39.1
   2–4 risk alleles   28.9   43.0   30.2   53.8   27.3   42.9   28.9   47.0
 Mean systolic BP (SD), mm Hg 142.9 (19.4) 147.6 (21.5)   0.05 130.4 (19.9) 131.9 (18.7)   0.4 140.9 (21.4) 140.5 (20.6)   0.9 136.7 (21.1) 139.4 (21.1)   0.03
 Mean diastolic BP (SD), mm Hg   84.6 (10.2)   83.2 (9.9)   0.3   78.4 (10.1)   76.3 (10.0)   0.04   75.6 (11.7)   71.3 (10.0)   0.0002   78.7 (11.1)   76.4 (11.0)   0.0006
 Mean WBCC (SD), ×109 cells/L     6.6 (1.8)     6.4 (1.6)     0.4     7.2 (1.9)     7.2 (1.9)     0.8     6.4 (1.8)     6.3 (1.6)     0.5     6.8 (1.9)     6.7 (1.8)   0.2
 Mean total cholesterol (SD), mmol/L     6.1 (0.9)     6.3 (1.0)     0.09     6.0 (1.1)     6.1 (1.0)     0.7     6.4 (1.1)     6.2 (1.1)     0.09     6.2 (1.1)     6.2 (1.0)   0.9
 Mean HDL cholesterol (SD), mmol/L     1.4 (0.4)     1.5 (0.5)     0.2     1.4 (0.5)     1.3 (0.4)     0.4     1.4 (0.4)     1.4 (0.4)     0.6     1.4 (0.4)     1.4 (0.4)   0.6
 Unilateral late AMD to bilateral late AMD
 Participants (n)     8     17 (68.0)     37     14 (27.5)     9     11 (55.0)     54     42 (43.8)
 Mean age (SD)   77.3 (6.2)   76.5 (6.2)   0.8   73.2 (8.0)   79.4 (6.8)   0.01   73.4 (6.8)   75.9 (5.3)   0.4   73.8 (7.6)   77.3 (6.2)   0.02
 Sex (male) %   25.0   23.5   0.9   46.0   35.7   0.5   66.7   63.6   0.9   46.3   38.1   0.4
 Smoking status, %
   Never   37.5   47.1   0.6   56.8   50.0   0.3   11.1     9.1   0.6   46.3   38.1   0.5
   Past   50.0   29.4   32.4   50.0   66.7   45.5   40.7   40.5
   Current   12.5   23.5   10.8   0.0   22.2   45.5   13.0   21.4
 CFH (rs1061170), %
   TT   12.5   31.3   0.6   16.2   14.3   0.9   33.3   9.1   0.3   18.5   19.5   0.6
   CT   50.0   43.8   67.6   64.3   55.6   54.6   63.0   53.7
   CC   37.5   25.0   16.2   21.4   11.1   36.4   18.5   26.8
 ARMS2 (rs10490924), %
   GG   62.5   31.3   0.2   29.7   21.4   0.03   33.3   27.3   0.6   35.2   26.8   0.2
   GT   37.5   50.0   40.5   78.6   66.7   63.6   44.4   63.4
   TT     0.0   18.8   29.7     0.0     0.0     9.1   20.4     9.8
 Combined genetic risk category†%
   0 risk alleles   12.5   6.3   0.8   13.5   0.0   0.3   22.2   9.1   0.4   14.8   4.9   0.3
   1 risk allele   37.5   31.3   16.2   21.4   22.2   9.1   20.4   22.0
   2–4 risk alleles   50.0   62.5   70.3   78.6   55.6   81.8   64.8   73.2
 Mean systolic BP (SD), mm Hg 146.4 (20.3) 147.5 (16.2)   0.9 136.4 (19.8) 136.6 (18.0)   0.97 137.6 (12.2) 144.3 (17.7)   0.4 138.1 (18.9) 143.0 (6.2)   0.2
 Mean diastolic BP (SD), mm Hg   82.9 (8.5)   83.5 (8.2)   0.9   75.7 (9.3)   71.7 (11.2)   0.2   71.6 (10.2)   78.4 (11.2)   0.2   76.1 (9.7)   78.2 (11.0)   0.3
 Mean WBCC (SD), ×109 cells/L   6.9 (2.3)   6.8 (1.1)   0.8   7.2 (2.3)   7.1 (2.1)   0.9   6.6 (1.2)   6.9 (1.6)   0.6   7.0 (2.2)   6.9 (1.6)   0.8
 Mean total cholesterol (SD), mmol/L   6.6 (1.3)   6.3 (0.9)   0.4   6.1 (1.2)   5.7 (0.8)   0.3   5.9 (1.0)   5.8 (0.9)   0.7   6.1 (1.2)   5.9 (0.9)   0.4
 Mean HDL cholesterol (SD), mmol/L   1.5 (0.3)   1.4 (0.5)   0.6   1.4 (0.5)   1.6 (0.4)   0.4   1.4 (0.3)   1.6 (0.8)   0.4   1.4 (0.4)   1.5 (0.5)   0.4
*

p Value for association between baseline characteristics and progression of AMD from unilateral to bilateral (categorical factors) and p value for difference in mean baseline level (continuous factors).

†

Total number of risk alleles from CFH and ARMS2 are combined.

AMD, age-related macular degeneration; ARMS2, age-related maculopathy susceptibility gene 2 (risk allele T); BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; BP, blood pressure; CFH, complement factor H (risk allele C); HDL, high density lipoprotein; RS, Rotterdam Study; WBCC, white blood cell count.