Table 3.
Associations of AMD risk factors with 5-year progression from unilateral to bilateral any AMD in the BMES, BDES and RS populations
| Risk factors | BMES
|
BDES
|
RS
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
|
| Age per year | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.16) | 1.15 (1.09 to 1.21) | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07) |
| Sex (male) | 1.54 (0.91 to 2.60) | 1.02 (0.49 to 2.12) | 0.90 (0.59 to 1.36) | 0.76 (0.47 to 1.24) | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.46) | 0.92 (0.54 to 1.56) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Past | 1.74 (0.98 to 3.08) | 1.43 (0.65 to 3.12) | 1.33 (0.83 to 2.12) | 1.57 (0.91 to 2.70) | 1.51 (0.93 to 2.45) | 1.79 (0.98 to 3.29) |
| Current | 1.61 (0.70 to 3.67) | 2.10 (0.73 to 5.98) | 1.48 (0.83 to 2.63) | 1.47 (0.78 to 2.77) | 1.71 (0.93 to 3.13) | 1.69 (0.83 to 3.43) |
| Combined genetic risk category† | ||||||
| 0 risk alleles | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 risk allele | 2.93 (1.22 to 7.05) | 3.46 (1.33 to 9.02) | 1.71 (0.87 to 3.37) | 1.57 (0.77 to 3.20) | 1.42 (0.80 to 2.49) | 1.52 (0.83 to 2.79) |
| 2–4 risk alleles | 5.36 (2.16 to 13.30) | 5.19 (1.93 to 13.93) | 4.75 (2.43 to 9.27) | 4.25 (2.11 to 8.54) | 2.49 (1.40 to 4.40) | 2.51 (1.35 to 4.67) |
| Blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | – | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.11) | – | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | – |
| Diastolic | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.16) | 0.96 (0.68 to 1.34) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.18) | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.86) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.88) |
| WBCC (per SD increase) | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.23) | – | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.43) | – | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.19) | – |
| Total Cholesterol (per SD increase) | 1.25 (0.92 to 1.69) | – | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.19) | – | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) | – |
| HDL cholesterol (per SD increase) | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.54) | – | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.15) | – | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.27) | – |
| Drusen area‡ | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 1.32 (0.58 to 2.99) | 1.83 (0.75 to 4.49) | 1.79 (0.88 to 3.66) | 2.75 (1.26 to 5.99) | 2.99 (1.52 to 5.90) | 2.65 (1.32 to 5.31) |
| High | 9.62 (3.77 to 24.55) | 15.26 (5.08 to 45.83) | 7.93 (3.69 to 17.04) | 12.32 (5.10 to 29.79) | 9.11 (4.27 to 19.43) | 9.62 (4.29 to 21.57) |
| Presence of RPE abnormality | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.15) | 2.61 (1.21 to 5.66) | 0.93 (0.61 to 1.42) | 1.73 (1.03 to 2.90) | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.56) | 1.49 (0.91 to 2.43) |
Bold values indicate significant ORs.
Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, combined genetic risk score, diastolic blood pressure, drusen area and RPE abnormalities.
Total number of risk alleles from the complement factor H (CFH) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) genes combined (reference: 0 risk alleles).
Total drusen area categorised as low, intermediate and high representing the lowest 20% of drusen area, the central 60% and highest 20%, respectively.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; HDL, high density lipoprotein; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RS, Rotterdam Study; WBCC, white blood cell count.