Table 4.
Associations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk factors with 5-year progression from unilateral to bilateral any AMD and late AMD in pooled data of the Blue Mountains Eye Study, Beaver Dam Eye Study and Rotterdam Study
| Risk factors | Bilateral any AMD
|
Bilateral late AMD
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted OR* (95% CI) | |
| Study population (ref: BDES) | ||||
| BMES | 1.42 (1.03 to 1.97) | 1.71 (1.16 to 2.54) | 5.45 (1.86 to 15.90) | 7.30 (2.05 to 25.96) |
| RS | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.42) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.53) | 3.54 (1.16 to 10.80) | 3.43 (0.82 to 14.31) |
| Age (per year) | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.09) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.15) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.23) |
| Sex (male) | 1.06 (0.82 to 1.37) | 0.89 (0.65 to 1.22) | 0.86 (0.33 to 2.23) | 0.81 (0.28 to 2.34) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Past | 1.51 (1.13 to 2.01) | 1.64 (1.16 to 2.33) | 1.32 (0.46 to 3.77) | 1.97 (0.59 to 6.55) |
| Current | 1.65 (1.14 to 2.38) | 1.67 (1.10 to 2.55) | 2.14 (0.47 to 9.76) | 2.01 (0.38 to 10.57) |
| Combined genetic risk category‡ | ||||
| 0 risk alleles | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 risk allele | 1.72 (1.17 to 2.54) | 1.76 (1.17 to 2.64) | 3.61 (0.52 to 25.34) | 4.91 (0.60 to 40.03) |
| 2–4 risk alleles | 3.56 (2.42 to 5.25) | 3.34 (2.21 to 5.04) | 6.39 (1.04 to 39.09) | 12.46 (1.52 to 101.97) |
| Blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg) | ||||
| Systolic | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | – | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) | – |
| Diastolic | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95) | 0.82 (0.71 to 0.95) | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.70) | – |
| WBCC (per SD increase) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | – | 1.04 (0.65 to 1.64) | – |
| Total cholesterol (per SD increase) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) | – | 0.62 (0.36 to 1.04) | 0.47 (0.26 to 0.84) |
| HDL cholesterol (per SD increase) | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.17) | – | 1.19 (0.77 to 1.83) | – |
| Drusen area§ | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Intermediate | 2.04 (1.34 to 3.10) | 2.32 (1.50 to 3.59) | – | – |
| High | 8.57 (5.42 to 13.56) | 10.67 (6.45 to 17.67) | – | – |
| RPE abnormality presence | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.29) | 1.68 (1.23 to 2.29) | – | – |
Bold values indicate significant ORs.
Adjusted for study population, age, sex, smoking, combined genetic risk, diastolic blood pressure, drusen area and RPE abnormalities.
Adjusted for study population, age, sex, smoking, combined genetic risk and total cholesterol.
Total number of risk alleles from complement factor H and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 genes combined (reference: 0 risk alleles).
Total drusen area categorised as low, intermediate and high representing the lowest 20% of drusen area, the central 60% and highest 20%, respectively.
BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; HDL, high density lipoprotein; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RS, Rotterdam Study; WBCC, white blood cell count.