Table 1.
Group demographics and clinical measures.
| Measure (mean ± SD) | MDD-LI (n = 37) | MDD-HI (n = 24) | HC (n = 51) | Statistical value | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 34.27 ± 11.23 | 41.33 ± 12.51 | 35.53 ± 12.53 | 2.69 | 0.07# |
| Years of education | 15.11 ± 2.99 | 14.17 ± 2.93 | 15.76 ± 2.36 | 2.88 | 0.06# |
| Gender (male/female) | 9/28 | 12/12 | 23/28 | 5.35 | 0.07Δ |
| Illness duration (years) | 5.58 ± 6.21 | 9.94 ± 11.15 | 1.96 | 0.06* | |
| Number of depressive episodes | 2.24 ± 1.34 | 2.46 ± 2.06 | 0.49 | 0.62* | |
| HAMD | 13.57 ± 7.00 | 26.17 ± 6.93 | 6.89 | <0.001# | |
| Adjusted HAMD | 9.24 ± 6.21 | 16.08 ± 5.93 | 4.28 | <0.001# | |
| HAMA | 11.70 ± 7.75 | 20.04 ± 8.85 | 3.88 | <0.001# | |
| Sleep disturbance | 2.19 ± 0.74 | 5.04 ± 0.91 | 13.45 | <0.001# | |
| Antidepressants | 42 | 19 | |||
| SSRI | 26 | 12 | |||
| SNRI | 7 | 5 | |||
| Mirtazapine | 1 | 0 | |||
| Trazodone | 1 | 2 | |||
| TCA | 3 | 0 | |||
| Flupentixol and melitracen tetracyclic | 4 | 1 | |||
| Antipsychotics | 10 | 2 | |||
| Quetiapine | 6 | 2 | |||
| Resperidone | 2 | 0 | |||
| Aripiprazole | 2 | 0 | |||
| Benzodiazepines | 3 | 3 | |||
| Lonazepan | 1 | 3 | |||
| Oxazepam | 2 | 0 | |||
| Medication-free | 0 | 4 |
Adjusted Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score means HAMD scores after omission of sleep questions. MDD-HI, MDD patients with high insomnia; MDD-LI, MDD patients with low insomnia; HC, healthy controls; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI, selective serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.
#p-Values for one-way ANOVA, *p-values for two-sample t-tests, and Δp-values for chi-square test.