Table 3.

Epigenetic modifications during aging and AD

Observation	Tissue or sample	Reference
Hypomethylation of the APP protein promoter	Human brain	[126]
Hypomethylation of the promoter of ribosomal genes with aging	Human stem cells	[91]
Reduction in DNA methylation	Human prefrontal cortex	[127]
Difference in DNA methylation in discordant twins for AD	Human temporal cortex	[128]
Influence of steroids and aging on the methylation of the APP promoter	Mouse brain	[129]
Response to the metabolic stimulus of the PSEN1 gene regulated by DNA methylation	Mouse brain	[130]
Hypomethylation of proinflammatory genes: iNOS, IL-1, and TNF	Human cortex	[131]
Increased phosphorylation of histone H3	Hippocampal neurons	[132]
Increased acetylation of histone H3 and H4	Mouse neurons	[133]
Modification of the expression of chromatin regulatory enzymes	Mouse brain	[84]
Dysregulation of several miRNAs, overall increase in patients with AD	Mouse brain	[134]