Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included trials
| Author | Source | Intent | Design | Population | (n) | Strain Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed [1] | Abstract | Quality | Case-control | Adult | 161 | After-hours discharge queuing |
| Ahrens [2] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Pediatric | 764 | ICU census |
| Al-Jaghbeer [3] | Full text | Quality | Cohort | Adult | 136 | After-hours discharge ICU readmission |
| Amaravadi [4] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 366 | Nurse-to-patient ratio |
| Aytekin [5] | Full text | Research | Correlational | Neonatal | 80 | Burnout |
| Azevedo [6] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 1329 | ICU acuity ICU readmission |
| Beck [7] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 1654 | After-hours discharge ICU acuity |
| Brown [8] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 268,824 | ICU readmission |
| Brown [9] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 214,692 | ICU readmission |
| Chalfin [10] | Full text | Research | Cross-sectional | Adult | 50,322 | Queuing |
| Cooper [11] | Full tText | Research | Cohort | Adult | 103,984 | ICU acuity ICU readmission |
| Czaja [12] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Pediatric | 111,923 | After-hours discharge ICU readmission |
| Dara [13] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 2492 | ICU acuity Standardized mortality rate |
| Duke [14] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 697 | After-hours discharge |
| Duke [15] | Full text | Research | Cross-sectional | Adult | 24,935 | ICU readmission ICU transfer Queuing Surgery cancellation |
| Duke [16] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 3004 | ICU census ICU refusal Surgery cancellation |
| Frankel [17] | Full text | Quality | Cohort | Adult | 4956 | ICU readmission |
| Frisho-Lima [18] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 127 | ICU census |
| Gajic [19] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 1131 | ICU acuity ICU readmission |
| Gantner [20] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 109,384 | After-hours discharge ICU readmission |
| Goldfrad [21] | Full text | Research | Case-control | Adult | 2269 | After-hours discharge |
| Gopal [22] | Abstract | Research | Case-control | Adult | 1257 | After-hours discharge ICU readmission |
| Harris [23] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 13,086 | Queuing |
| Heneghan [6] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Pediatric | 373 | ICU readmission |
| Hung [24] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 1242 | ICU acuity Queuing |
| Iwashyna [25] | Full text | Research | Case-control | Adult | 200,499 | ICU acuity ICU census |
| Joynt [26] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 624 | ICU census Standardized mortality rate |
| Kramer [27] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 369,129 | ICU acuity ICU readmission |
| Laupland [28] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 7380 | After-hours discharge ICU acuity |
| Leary [29] | Full text | Quality | Modeling | Adult | 3101 | ICU census Standardized mortality rate Workload |
| Lim [30] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 70 | ICU acuity |
| Liu [31] | Full text | Research | Case-control | Adult | 6369 | ICU acuity |
| Louriz [32] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 398 | ICU acuity ICU census |
| Nathanson [33] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 124,855 | ICU acuity |
| Parker [34] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 255 | Queuing |
| Pozzesseres [6] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 210 | Queuing |
| Priestap [35] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 47,062 | After-hours discharge ICU acuity |
| Pronovost [36] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 2982 | Daily rounds by intensivist Nurse-to-patient ratio |
| Rosenberg [37] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 4208 | ICU acuity ICU readmission Standardized mortality rate |
| Ruse [38] | Abstract | Quality | Cohort | Adult | Unknown | After-hours discharge ICU acuity Queuing |
| Santamaria [39] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 10,221 | After-hours discharge ICU acuity |
| Singh [40] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 2300 | After-hours discharge ICU acuity ICU readmission |
| Stelfox [6] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 32,234 | ICU readmission |
| Tobin [41] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 10,903 | After-hours discharge Early ICU discharge ICU acuity Queuing |
| Town [42] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Adult | 60,355 | ICU census ICU readmission Turnover Workload |
| Tucker [43] | Full text | Research | Cohort | Neonatal | 13,334 | ICU census Nurse-to-patient ratio Turnover |
| Wagner [44] | Full text | Quality | Cohort | Adult | 200,730 | ICU acuity ICU census ICU readmission Turnover |
| West [45] | Full text | Research | Cross-sectional | Adult | 38,165 | ICU census Nurse-to-patient ratio Turnover Workload |
| Yergens [38] | Abstract | Research | Cohort | Adult | 1770 | ICU census |
| Amarasigham [46] | Full text | Quality | Quality Improvement | Adult | Unknown | Queuing |
| Barado [47] | Abstract | Quality | Modeling | Adult | 6300 | Early ICU discharge ICU refusal |
The characteristics of the included studies are included above. A full reference of included studies is included in Additional file 4.
ICU, intensive care unit