Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total, participants with type 2 diabetes (DM), and participants without diabetes (non-DM) groups.
| Total | DM | Non-DM | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 40 | 19 | 21 | |
| Age (years) | 55.0 ± 14.3 | 61.6 ± 13.1 | 49.0 ± 12.8 | <0.01 |
| Female sex (%) | 57.5 | 52.6 | 61.9 | 0.55 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 6.1 | 26.1 ± 6.8 | 25.5 ± 5.6 | 0.82 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 43.8 ± 11.6 | 50.6 ± 13.5 | 37.6 ± 4.0 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | <0.01 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.4 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | <0.01 |
| FPI (μU/mL) | 5.5 ± 3.8 | 5.7 ± 4.1 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 0.81 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.4 ± 32.7 | 182.0 ± 31.9 | 203.6 ± 30.7 | 0.05 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 135.9 ± 88.3 | 133.7 ± 100.8 | 137.8 ± 77.9 | 0.34 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.6 ± 15.5 | 52.6 ± 16.5 | 56.4 ± 14.6 | 0.32 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120.8 ± 31.4 | 112.1 ± 36.3 | 128.7 ± 24.4 | 0.06 |
| Free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 672.5 ± 381.0 | 679.0 ± 298.8 | 666.6 ± 450.2 | 0.32 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.49 |
| Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.56 |
| Insulinogenic Index | 9.0 ± 9.7 | 5.2 ± 3.8 | 12.4 ± 12.0 | <0.01 |
| Adipocyte IR index | 4.4 ± 5.3 | 4.5 ± 4.3 | 4.2 ± 6.2 | 0.47 |
Values are the mean ± SD.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; adipocyte IR index, adipocyte insulin resistance index.