Table 4.

Associations between participant characteristics and direct costs and work days lost

	Total direct costsa			Total lost work daysa
	β coefficient	95% confidence interval	p	β coefficient	95% confidence interval	p
Age	−0.01	(−0.03 to 0.01)	0.1	0.003	(0.000 to 0.006)	0.02
Male gender	0.49	(−1.57 to 2.56)	0.6	−0.22	(−0.58 to 0.13)	0.2
Education level 1b	−0.54	(−2.40 to 1.33)	0.5	−0.17	(−0.49 to 0.15)	0.2
Education level 2b	−0.22	(−2.14 to 1.70)	0.8	−0.07	(−0.40 to 0.26)	0.6
Education level 3b	−0.51	(−2.71 to 1.69)	0.6	−0.20	(−0.58 to 0.18)	0.3
Incomea	−0.01	(−0.24 to 0.21)	0.9	−0.01	(−0.05 to 0.03)	0.5
Duration of diabetes	0.11	(0.08 to 0.14)	<0.001	0.01	(0.005 to 0.016)	<0.001

Education scale: 1 = primary school or less completed, 2 = primary to higher secondary education completed, 3 = technical or graduate degree, 4 = post-graduate degree.

^aLog transformed.

^bEducation level 4 is the reference.