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. 2018 Mar 20;9:317. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00317

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

The effects of Spermidine and Spermine (Spm) on secondary metabolite (SM) production and related gene expression. (A) Production of indole diterpene SMs (chromatograms at λ = 254 nm) in A. flavus AF70 WT strain grown on solid Czapek’s medium (with ammonium sulfate) supplemented with different concentrations of Spd and spermine along with control (no PAs) grown for 14 days in the dark at 30°C. Aflatoxins were not detected in any of these samples as Czapek’s medium is not conducive for aflatoxin production; (B) Production of aflatoxins in A. flavus AF70 WT strain grown on solid A&M medium supplemented with different concentrations of Spd and spermine along with control (no PAs) grown for 7 days in the dark at 30°C; (C) Effect of exogenous supply of Spd and Spm on the expression of secondary metabolite related genes, atmM, atmC, aflR, aflC, cpaA, and global regulatory genes, laeA, nsdC, and veA in A. flavus AF70 WT strain. The samples were grown in CZ liquid medium (static culture) for 5 days in the dark at 30°C. Data are Mean ± SE of three replicates (∗∗P ≤ 0.05 and ∗P ≤ 0.10 between control and treatment, Student’s t-test).