Fig. 3.

IFN-α exposure activates downstream AKT/mTOR/GSK3β, NF-κB and MAPK/JNK signaling pathways. a-c IFN-α treatment leads to extensive activation of the mTOR (a), AKT, GSK3β, IκBα (b) and JNK pathways (c). d-e Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K (LY, 10 μM), mTOR (rapamycin, Rapa, 0.2 μM), p38 (SB203580, SB, 20 μM), ERK (PD98059, PD, 40 μM; d, quantitation data, right panel) and JNK (SP600125, SP, 5, 10, 20 μM; e) all led to reduction of IFN-α-induced HIF-1α expression. f Functional blockage of p38 kinase in the p38-DN-expressing cells reduced HIF-1α expression