Table 1.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of all UTUC patients stratified by tumor location
| Tumor location | Univariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Renal pelvis | Ureter | Chi-square or Z | p value | |
| Patients, no. (%) | 612 (100) | 341 (55.7) | 271 (44.3) | ||
| Pre-operative characteristic | |||||
| Gender, no. (%) | 0.160 | 0.743 | |||
| Male | 340 (55.6) | 187 (54.8) | 153 (56.5) | ||
| Female | 272 (44.4) | 154 (45.2) | 118 (43.5) | ||
| Age, no. (%) | 4.929 | 0.027* | |||
| <70 | 340 (55.6) | 203 (59.5) | 137 (50.6) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 272 (44.4) | 138 (40.5) | 134 (49.4) | ||
| Age, mean ± SD | 65.29 ± 11.11 | 68.07 ± 10.20 | −3.173 | 0.002* | |
| Previous or concomitant bladder cancer, no. (%) | 1.931 | 0.193 | |||
| Absent | 545 (89.1) | 309 (90.6) | 236 (87.1) | ||
| Present | 67 (10.9) | 32 (9.4) | 35 (12.9) | ||
| Initial complaint, no. (%) | 24.205 | < 0.001* | |||
| Absent | 84 (13.7) | 26 (7.6) | 58 (21.4) | ||
| Present | 528 (86.3) | 315 (92.4) | 213 (78.6) | ||
| Gross hematuria, no. (%) | 65.132 | < 0.001* | |||
| Absent | 148 (24.2) | 40 (11.7) | 108 (39.9) | ||
| Present | 464 (75.8) | 301 (88.3) | 163 (60.1) | ||
| Preoperative renal function, no. (%) | 23.703 | < 0.001* | |||
| End-stage CKD (eGFR<15) | 34 (5.6) | 24 (7.0) | 10 (3.7) | ||
| Moderate CKD (60>eGFR≥15) | 198 (32.4) | 83 (24.3) | 115 (42.4) | ||
| Early CKD (eGFR≥60) | 378 (61.8) | 233 (68.3) | 145 (53.5) | ||
| eGFR, mean ± SD | 69.69 ± 30.11 | 62.43 ± 22.32 | −4.329 | < 0.001* | |
| Side, no. (%) | 1.115 | 0.329 | |||
| Left | 315 (51.5) | 182 (53.4) | 133 (49.1) | ||
| Right | 297 (48.5) | 159 (46.6) | 138 (50.9) | ||
| Hydronephrosis, no. (%) | 134.680 | < 0.001* | |||
| Absent | 273 (44.6) | 223 (65.4) | 50 (18.5) | ||
| Present | 339 (55.4) | 118 (34.6) | 221 (81.5) | ||
| Multifocality, no. (%) | 0.339 | 0.563 | |||
| Single | 472 (77.1) | 266 (78.0) | 206 (76.0) | ||
| Multiple | 140 (22.9) | 75 (22.0) | 65 (24.0) | ||
| Smoking, no. (%) | 0.050 | 0.836 | |||
| No | 497 (81.2) | 278 (81.5) | 219 (80.8) | ||
| Yes | 115 (18.8) | 63 (18.5) | 52 (19.2) | ||
| Alcohol, no. (%) | 0.697 | 0.452 | |||
| No | 539 (88.1) | 297 (87.1) | 242 (89.3) | ||
| Yes | 73 (11.9) | 44 (12.9) | 29 (10.7) | ||
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 0.249 | 0.661 | |||
| No | 511 (83.5) | 287 (84.2) | 224 (82.7) | ||
| Yes | 101 (16.5) | 54 (15.8) | 47 (17.3) | ||
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 4.454 | 0.038* | |||
| No | 363 (59.3) | 215 (63.0) | 148 (54.6) | ||
| Yes | 249 (40.7) | 126 (37.0) | 123 (45.4) | ||
| Pre-RNU ureteroscopy, no. (%) | 20.495 | < 0.001* | |||
| No | 536 (87.6) | 317 (93.0) | 219 (80.8) | ||
| Yes | 76 (12.4) | 24 (7.0) | 52 (19.2) | ||
| Pathological outcomes | |||||
| Architecture, no. (%) | 40.135 | < 0.001* | |||
| Papillary | 479 (78.3) | 299 (87.7) | 180 (66.4) | ||
| Sessile | 133 (21.7) | 42 (12.3) | 91 (33.6) | ||
| Tumor stage, no. (%) | 0.094 | 0.796 | |||
| Ta-T1 | 206 (33.7) | 113 (33.1) | 93 (34.3) | ||
| T2–4 | 406 (66.3) | 228 (66.9) | 178 (65.7) | ||
| Tumor grade, no. (%) | 31.628 | < 0.001* | |||
| G1 | 19 (3.1) | 4 (1.2) | 15 (5.5) | ||
| G2 | 334 (54.6) | 218 (63.9) | 116 (42.8) | ||
| G3 | 259 (42.3) | 119 (34.9) | 140 (51.7) | ||
| Lymph node status, no. (%) | 4.014 | 0.051 | |||
| N0 or Nx | 571 (93.3) | 312 (91.5) | 259 (95.6) | ||
| N+ | 41 (6.7) | 29 (8.5) | 12 (4.4) | ||
| Non-organ-confined disease, no. (%) | 8.257 | 0.004* | |||
| No | 412 (67.3) | 213 (62.5) | 199 (73.4) | ||
| Yes | 200 (32.7) | 128 (37.5) | 72 (26.6) | ||
| Tumor size, mean ± SD | 3.58 ± 2.15 | 3.27 ± 2.41 | −3.342 | 0.001* | |
| Histologic Subtype | |||||
| Tumor necrosis, no. (%) | 0.038 | 0.901 | |||
| No | 537 (87.7) | 300 (88.0) | 237 (87.5) | ||
| Yes | 75 (12.3) | 41 (12.0) | 34 (12.5) | ||
| Squamous metaplasia, no. (%) | 0.038 | 0.878 | |||
| No | 566 (92.5) | 316 (92.7) | 250 (92.3) | ||
| Yes | 46 (7.5) | 25 (7.3) | 21 (7.7) | ||
| Sarcomatoid metaplasia, no. (%) | 0.039 | 0.843 | |||
| No | 586 (95.8) | 327 (95.9) | 259 (95.6) | ||
| Yes | 26 (4.2) | 14 (4.1) | 12 (4.4) | ||
| Gland-like differentiation, no. (%) | 2.738 | 0.119 | |||
| No | 591 (96.6) | 333(97.7) | 258 (95.2) | ||
| Yes | 21 (3.4) | 8(2.3) | 13 (4.8) | ||
| Presence of CIS, no. (%) | 3.987 | 0.071 | |||
| No | 596 (97.4) | 336 (98.5) | 260 (95.9) | ||
| Yes | 16 (2.6) | 5 (1.5) | 11 (4.1) | ||
UTUC upper tract urothelial carcinoma, CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, RNU radical nephroureterectomy, CIS carcinoma in situ, SD standard deviation, HR Hazard Ratio, CI confidence interval
*Statistically significant