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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Leukemia. 2016 Nov 24;31(6):1398–1407. doi: 10.1038/leu.2016.344

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effect of proton, iron ion and mixed-field proton/iron ion irradiation on long-term engraftment of human HSC in NSG mice: To assess the in vivo functional impact of direct exposure of human HSC to mission-relevant doses of simulated SEP and/or GCR radiation, human BM-derived CD34+ cells were exposed to: (1) monoenergetic protons (1 Gy, 50 MeV); (2) iron ions (20 cGy, 1 GeV/n); or (3) sequential protons followed 15 min later by 56Fe ions at NSRL Upon return to WFIRM, they were transplanted intravenously into busulfan-conditioned NSG mice. Mice were euthanized at 5‐7 months post transplant, and their long bones collected, homogenized and analyzed by flow cytometry with anti-CD59 (which has been shown to be the most sensitive and specific means of detecting human cells in immunodeficient mice86) to assess overall levels of marrow engraftment.