Table 2.

Association between glucosamine use and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study (CPS)-II Nutrition Cohort

	Cases	Person-years	Age- and Sex- Adjusted		Multivariable-Adjusteda
Exposure	N		HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Baseline Variablesb,c
Current glucosamine
Never Use	1,148	708,990	1.00	Ref	1.00	Ref
Former/Occasional	97	66,939	0.96	0.78,1.18	1.02	0.82, 1.26
Current	195	158,267	0.80	0.68, 0.93	0.88	0.75, 1.03
Duration of glucosamine use
Never Use	1,148	708,990	1.00	Ref	1.00	Ref
Former/Occasional	97	66,939	0.96	0.78, 1.18	1.02	0.82, 1.26
Current: ≤ 2 years	121	104,079	0.76	0.63, 0.91	0.82	0.68, 1.00
Current: ≥ 3 years	74	54,188	0.88	0.69, 1.11	0.99	0.78, 1.26
Updated Time-varying Variablesc,d
Current glucosamine
Never Use	1,034	617,130	1.00	Ref	1.00	Ref
Former/Occasional	164	119,846	0.90	0.76–1.06	0.95	0.80, 1.13
Current	210	178,254	0.75	0.65–0.88	0.83	0.71, 0.97
Duration of glucosamine use
Never Use	1,034	617,130	1.00	Ref	1.00	Ref
Former/Occasional	164	119,846	0.90	0.76, 1.06	0.96	0.81, 1.14
Current: ≤ 2 years	64	63,228	0.62	0.48, 0.80	0.68	0.52, 0.87
Current: 3–5 years	83	65,743	0.81	0.64, 1.01	0.90	0.72, 1.13
Current: ≥ 6 years	63	49,282	0.87	0.67, 1.12	0.99	0.76, 1.29

^aMultivariable-adjusted models adjusted for the following: age, sex, race, education, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, red/processed meat, calcium, fiber, folate, vitamin D, energy intake, multivitamin use, HRT use, use of regular aspirin, use of baby aspirin, use of non-aspirin NSAIDs, family history of CRC, screening, history of polyps, diabetes, health status, and osteoarthritis.

^bBaseline use is defined by use as reported in the 2001 questionnaire

^cCurrent use defined by current use on ≥4 days/week

^dUpdated variables incorporate information collected in follow-up questionnaires collected in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009.