Table 1. Characteristics by patient-rated health.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 10,575) | Worse patient-rated health* (N = 5,430) | Better patient-rated health* (N = 5,145) | Missing (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient and environmental factors | ||||
| Age, years | 74 [65–81] | 75 [67–81] | 72 [64–80] | — |
| Women | 3,473 (32.8) | 1,957 (36.0) | 1,516 (29.5) | — |
| Single | 3,958 (38.6) | 2,205 (41.7) | 1,753 (35.3) | 3.1 |
| Body mass index | 26.7 [24–30] | 26.7 [24–30] | 26.7 [24–30] | 4.6 |
| Current smoker | 1,202 (12.6) | 655 (13.5) | 547 (11.7) | 10.0 |
| Haemoglobin, g/l | 134 ± 17 | 133 ± 17 | 136 ± 16 | 0.03 |
| Ejection fraction | 8.5 | |||
| <40% | 6,031 (62.3) | 3,078 (62.2) | 2,953 (62.5) | |
| 40%–49% | 2,126 (22.0) | 1,034 (20.9) | 1,092 (23.1) | |
| ≥50% | 1,517 (15.7) | 835 (16.9) | 682 (14.4) | |
| Heart failure ≥ 6 months | 5,161 (49.1) | 2,873 (53.2) | 2,288 (44.7) | 0.6 |
| Heart rate | 72.4 ± 14.7 | 73.3 ± 14.8 | 71.5 ± 14.6 | 0.01 |
| Beta blocker | 9,330 (88.5) | 4,788 (88.6) | 4,452 (88.5) | 0.4 |
| ACEi or ARB | 9,520 (90.4) | 4,812 (89.1) | 4,708 (91.7) | 0.4 |
| Diuretic | 8,138 (77.4) | 4,446 (82.4) | 3,692 (72.1) | 0.6 |
| Device | 1,440 (13.8) | 772 (14.4) | 668 (13.1) | 1.2 |
| Cardiology care | 5,506 (59.5) | 2,731 (57.3) | 2,775 (61.7) | 12.5 |
| Inpatient | 2,746 (26.0) | 1,466 (27.0) | 1,280 (24.9) | — |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 5,418 (53.9) | 2,696 (52.4) | 2,181 (44.5) | 5.0 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5,064 (48.1) | 2,739 (50.7) | 3,325 (45.4) | 0.5 |
| Hypertension | 5,311 (51.5) | 2,745 (52.1) | 2,566 (51.0) | 2.5 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 1,599 (15.7) | 750 (14.4) | 849 (17.1) | 3.5 |
| Valve disease | 603 (5.8) | 322 (6.0) | 281 (5.5) | 1.3 |
| Diabetes | 2,518 (23.9) | 1,447 (26.8) | 1,071 (20.9) | 0.5 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1,813 (17.4) | 1,101 (20.7) | 712 (14.0) | 1.7 |
| Chronic kidney disease** | 4,646 (43.9) | 2,619 (48.2) | 2,027 (39.4) | — |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Shortness of breath | 7.4 | |||
| Any | 8,354 (85.3) | 4,623 (92.7) | 3,731 (77.7) | |
| Marked or severe | 3,475 (35.0) | 2,528 (50.7) | 947 (19.7) | |
| Fatigue | 7.5 | |||
| Any | 8,281 (84.6) | 4,648 (93.1) | 3,633 (75.8) | |
| Marked or severe | 3,400 (34.7) | 2,494 (49.9) | 906 (18.9) | |
| Pain (any) | 5,065 (51.9) | 3,206 (64.4) | 1,859 (38.9) | 7.8 |
| Anxiety or depression (any) | 4,336 (44.6) | 2,932 (59.2) | 1,404 (29.4) | 8.0 |
| Functional limitations (usual activities) | 3,636 (37.2) | 2,619 (52.6) | 1,017 (21.3) | 7.7 |
| Patient-rated health | 62.6 ± 19.9 | 47.2 ± 14.0 | 78.8 ± 9.7 | — |
Data are expressed as frequency (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median [interquartile range] (for variables with skewed distribution).
*Patient-rated health was determined by the EuroQol visual analogue scale. Patients rated their health from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state). We dichotomised this at the mean value (<63, ≥63) to describe ‘worse’ and ‘better’ patient-rated health for our sample.
**Defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.