Table 5. Serum metabolite concentrations in cows receiving plant bioactive lipid compounds and biotin (PBLC+B; n = 18) from d -21 to 37 relative to parturition, cows receiving a monensin bolus (MON; n = 18) at d -21 or cows receiving no such supplements (CON; n = 17).

Item	Group1			SEM	P-values
	CON	PBLC+B	MON		Group	Day	Group × day
Phase 1
Glucose, mmol/L	3.70	3.64	3.72	0.077	0.72	0.003	0.86
BHB, mmol/L	0.77ab	0.83a	0.68b	0.047	0.024	0.004	0.097
NEFA, mmol/L	0.15	0.17	0.20	0.035	0.40	<0.001	0.54
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.29	0.31	0.28	0.018	0.35	0.10	0.39
Cholesterol, mmol/L	2.38	2.39	2.33	0.167	0.96	<0.001	0.98
Bilirubin, μmol/L	1.16	1.06	1.30	0.278	0.72	<0.001	0.65
Urea, mmol/L	4.17	4.32	4.35	0.187	0.66	0.20	0.27
Phase 2
Glucose, mmol/L	2.99	2.97	3.18	0.143	0.17	<0.001	0.34
BHB, mmol/L	1.64	1.48	1.33	0.183	0.28	<0.001	0.23
NEFA, mmol/L	0.45	0.48	0.43	0.059	0.36	<0.001	0.78
Triglycerides, mmol/L2	0.13	0.14	0.13	0.006	0.52	<0.001	0.033
Cholesterol, mmol/L3	2.82	2.98	2.90	0.185	0.78	<0.001	0.007
Bilirubin, μmol/L	2.81	2.13	2.94	0.519	0.18	<0.001	0.32
Urea, mmol/L	4.41	4.25	4.68	0.244	0.16	<0.001	0.82
Phase 3
Glucose, mmol/L	3.01	3.15	3.10	0.114	0.55	0.46	0.37
BHB, mmol/L	1.61	1.31	1.31	0.218	0.47	0.11	0.48
NEFA, mmol/L	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.023	0.78	0.001	0.65
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.15	0.17	0.17	0.009	0.24	0.16	0.50
Cholesterol, mmol/L	4.48	4.78	4.80	0.271	0.60	<0.001	0.76
Bilirubin, μmol/L	0.73	0.82	0.98	0.157	0.28	0.37	0.12
Urea, mmol/L	5.07	4.86	5.14	0.226	0.52	0.014	0.47

Phase 1: from d -21 to d -1 relative to parturition; Phase 2: from d 1 to d 37 relative to parturition; Phase 3: from d 38 to d 58 relative to parturition. BHB = β-hydroxybutyric acid; NEFA = non-esterified fatty acids; SEM = standard error of mean (for group × day).

¹Least square mean values of the groups are reported.

²For triglyceride at d 37, CON vs. PBLC+B: P = 0.005.

³For cholesterol, treatment effect was not significant at any individual day.

^abSuperscript letters indicate differences among treatment groups at P < 0.05.