Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | Baseline | 10-year follow-upa | 20-year follow-upa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 9,224 | 6,665 | 2,051 |
| Age, M, year | 71.7 | 81.0 | 88.7 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||
| Current | 838 (9.1) | 232 (3.8) | 48 (2.4) |
| Former | 2,632 (28.6) | 1,984 (32.7) | 592 (29.5) |
| Never | 5,724 (62.3) | 3,856 (63.5) | 1,368 (68.1) |
| Alcohol useb, n (%) | |||
| Current or continuous | 4,781 (51.8) | 1,565 (25.2) | 573 (28.5) |
| Former or intermittent | 1,584 (17.2) | 3,285 (52.8) | 961 (47.7) |
| Never | 2,859 (31.0) | 1,373 (22.1) | 480 (23.8) |
| Functional outcomes | |||
| Grip strength, M (SD), kg | 22.2 (4.4) | 18.6 (4.5) | 16.1 (4.2) |
| Walking speed, M (SD), m/sec | 1.01 (0.22) | 0.87 (0.23) | 0.72 (0.24) |
| Fair/poor self-reported health, % | 17.1 | 22.8 | 28.5 |
| Difficulty with ≥3 IADLs, % | 11.5 | 22.9 | 42.8 |
| Depression score ≥6, % | 6.4 | 13.5 | 12.4 |
| Falls in the last 12 months, % | 30.0 | 32.3 | 42.4 |
| Lives in nursing home, % | NA | 1.6 | 6.9 |
| Death, % | NA | 68.3 | 69.5 |
Note. IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; NA = not applicable.
a
Defined by smoking status at 10 years and alcohol use from baseline to Visit 6 (10-year follow-up).
b
At baseline, categories include current, former, or never; at follow-up, categories include continuous, intermittent, or never.