Table 2.
Smoking: Associations With Clinical Measures of Function at 10- and 20-Year Follow-Up Intervals.
| Measure | Outcome at end of 10-year follow-upa |
Outcome at end of 20-year follow-upa |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status |
Smoking status |
|||||||
| Current |
Former |
Never |
Difference |
Current |
Former |
Never |
Difference |
|
| Adjusted M (SE) | p valueb | Adjusted M (SE) | p valueb | |||||
| Grip strength, M, kg | 17.96 (0.28) | 18.07 (0.11) | 18.32 (0.09) | .20, .030 | 16.73 (0.72) | 15.96 (0.22) | 15.92 (0.15) | .26, .87 |
| Walking speed, M, m/sec | 0.80 (0.014) | 0.83 (0.006) | 0.85 (0.005) | .0006, .002 | 0.74 (0.042) | 0.69 (0.013) | 0.69 (0.009) | .29, .63 |
| Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Fair/poor self-reported healthc | 31.9 | 24.0 | 21.6 | 1.98 [1.44, 2.73] 1.32 [1.14, 1.53] |
31.9 | 31.1 | 26.9 | 1.27 [0.65, 2.46] 1.26 [1.00, 1.58] |
| Difficulty with ≥3 IADLs | 25.1 | 23.6 | 22.4 | 1.61 [1.14, 2.28] 1.39 [1.20, 1.62] |
31.0 | 42.2 | 43.3 | 0.73 [0.31, 1.73] 1.03 [0.78, 1.36] |
| Depression score ≥6 | 22.1 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 1.95 [1.30, 2.93] 1.27 [1.04, 1.55] |
13.8 | 15.1 | 11.2 | 1.39 [0.43, 4.52] 1.40 [0.92, 2.13] |
| Any postvisit falls | 31.1 | 34.6 | 33.1 | 1.03 [0.76, 1.40] 1.15 [1.02, 1.31] |
46.7 | 44.8 | 42.5 | 1.21 [0.66, 2.23] 1.09 [0.88, 1.34] |
| ≥2 postvisit falls | 15.6 | 17.7 | 17.3 | 1.07 [0.72, 1.60] 1.15 [0.98, 1.34] |
33.3 | 26.4 | 23.9 | 1.64 [0.85, 3.17] 1.15 [0.90, 1.47] |
| Lives in nursing home | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.79 [0.18, 3.50] 1.21 [0.72, 2.02] |
8.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 1.86 [0.63, 5.52] 1.07 [0.70, 1.63] |
| Prevalence (%) | HR (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) | HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Death | 72.4 | 67.8 | 67.9 | 1.96 [1.67, 2.30] 1.27 [1.19, 1.37] |
70.8 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.35 [0.95, 1.92] 1.19 [1.06, 1.34] |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; HR = hazard ratio; BMI = body mass index.
a
Adjusted for age, history of stroke, BMI, clinic site, physical activity at baseline, outcome measurement at baseline (except nursing home and death), follow-up time, and current and past alcohol use.
b
For each outcome, the first value listed compares current smokers versus nonsmokers; the second compares former smokers versus nonsmokers.
c
Fair/poor/very poor versus excellent/good health.