Table 2.
Related Pharmacological Activities of Remedies Filtered From Traditional Persian Medicine Manuscripts.
| Scientific Name | Assay(s) and Outcomes (Fraction or Extract) |
|---|---|
| Adiantum capillus-veneris | – AO: DPPH (crude flavonoids extract)48 |
| – AM: Candida, Trichoderma, Aspergillus spp (methanol and ethanol extract)42 | |
| – AI: Inhibiting the NF-κB activation (ethanol extract)49 | |
| – WH: Angiogenic effects (aqueous fraction of methanol extract)41 | |
| Ajuga chamaepitys | – AO: DPPH, NBT, OH, and chelating (chloroform and methanol extracts)50 |
| – AM: Pseudomonas spp. (methanol extract)50 | |
| Allium porrum | – AO: DPPH (ultrasonic and ethanol extracts)51 |
| – AM (weak activity): multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. (leaf ether extract)52 | |
| Aloe vera | – AO: DPPH, ABTS (lyophilized powder)53 |
| – AM: Trichophyton, Aspergillus spp. (ethanol, acetone extracts)45,54 | |
| – AI: Downregulation of MMP-9 in blood cells (aqueous extract)55 | |
| – WH: Accelerating the burn healing time and epithelialization (gel topical application)44 | |
| Arisarum vulgare | – AO: ABTS and DPPH (methanol water and subfractions)56 |
| Aristolochia rotunda | – WH: gelatinolytic, collagenase and protease inhibitory potencies (aristolochic acid, protein fraction)23 |
| Beta vulgaris | – AO: Thiocyanate and DPPH (methanol extract)57 |
| – AI: carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method (ethanol extract)58 | |
| Boswellia sacra | – AO: DPPH (methanol apolar subfractions)59 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus spp. (essential oil and methanol extracts)60 | |
| – AI: Lipoxygenase inhibitor (terpenoids of resin, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid)61 | |
| Cinnamomum camphora | – AO: NO and LP (methanol water extract)62 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus spp. (essential oil)63 | |
| – AI: Modulation of cytokines, NO and PG-E2 production (ethyl acetate fraction of 80% methanol extract)62 | |
| Cocos nucifera | – AO: DPPH, FRAP, and deoxyribose (methanol extract)25 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus spp (methanol extract)25 | |
| – AI: Formalin-caused paw thickness edema (fresh juice and aqueous extract)24 | |
| – WH: The epithelium cell thickening observed (fresh juice and aqueous extract)24 | |
| Commiphora mukul | – AO: Thiocyanate (ethyl acetate extract)64 |
| – AM: Gram-positive and -negative (essential oil, chloroform extract, and 7 sesquiterpenes65 | |
| – AI: (steroidal fraction: guggulsterone Z)66 | |
| – WH: Promote healing in less than 2 weeks (myrrh suspension)27 | |
| Coriandrum sativum | – AO: DPPH, OH, and LP inhibition (essential oil)67 |
| – AM: Streptococcus spp. (essential oil)68 | |
| Crocus sativus | – AO: DPPH, ABTS (crocin and kaempferol)69 |
| – AM: Streptococcus spp. (methanol stigma extract)70 | |
| Gentiana lutea | – AO: DPPH, MPO inhibition (water and ethanol aqueous)71 |
| – AM: Gram-positive and -negative (methanol extract, mangiferin, isogentisin and gentiopicrin)31 | |
| – AI: inflammation-induced rats and mice (ethanol and petrol-ether extract)30 | |
| – WH: 300 and 500 mg/kg (ethanol and petrol-ether extract)30 | |
| Heracleum persicum | – AO: LP (ethyl acetate extract, furanocoumarins)72 |
| – AM: Bacillus anthracis (essential oil)73 | |
| – AI: carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract)74 | |
| Juniperus sabina | – AO: TBARS and ABAP (essential oils)75 |
| – AM: weak activity on Staphylococcus spp., Candida and Bacillus subtilis (essential oil)76 | |
| Lathyrus aphaca | – AO: DPPH, ABTS (methanol and buffer extracts)77 |
| Lilium candidum | – AO: DPPH (methanol extract)78 |
| Loranthus europaeus | – AO: DPPH, FRAP (ethyl acetate and methanol extracts)79 |
| Morus alba | – AO: reduction in lipid peroxidation product in animal model (freeze-dried powder)80 |
| – AI: carrageenan-induced model of inflammation (mulberroside A and oxyresveratrol)81 | |
| Ornithogalum narbonense | – AO: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water)82 |
| Oxalis acetosella | – AO: DPPH (methanol extract)83 |
| Phoenix dactylifera | – AO: TEAC, ABTS, FRAP (methanol water extract)84 |
| – AM: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus (water and ethanol extracts)85 | |
| Physalis alkekengi | – AO: DPPH, OH, NBT (polysaccharides from hot water extract)86 |
| – AM: Gram-positive (methanol extract and physalin D)87 | |
| – AI: inhibition of MMP-9 and AP-1 activation (methanol extract)88 | |
| Plantago major | – AO: DPPH (methanol extract)48 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus aureus (aqueous extract)39 | |
| – AI: COX-2 mRNA expression inhibitor (acteoside and geniposidic acid)40 | |
| – WH: ex vivo porcine wound-healing model (freeze-dried ethanol-based extracts)38 | |
| Polygonum aviculare | – AO: DPPH, LP, NBT (lyophilized ethanol extract)89 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (chloroform extract)90 | |
| – AI: inhibition of elastase release, in vitro (flavonol and isorhamnetin glucuronides)91 | |
| Potentilla reptans | – AO: DPPH (aqueous extract)46 |
| – AM: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (ethanol root extract)53 | |
| – AI: phenol-in-acetone induced mice ear edema (rhizome aqueous extract)46 | |
| – WH: Indirect by inhibition of wound pathogens growth (75% ethanol extract)47 | |
| Prangos ferulacea | – AO: DPPH and LP inhibition (methanol extract)92 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp (essential oil)93 | |
| Punica granatum | – AO: DPPH, ABTS (polysaccharide fraction)94 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus spp (tannin-rich fractions, ellagitannins, phenolic acids)37 | |
| – AI: carrageenan-induced mice paw edema, NO inhibition (peel and fruit extracts)36 | |
| – WH: In alloxan-induced diabetic rats by collagen regeneration (peel polyphenol gel)35 | |
| Quercus ilex | – AI: topical effect (isolated flavonoids)95 |
| Ranunculus arvensis | – AO: DPPH, OH, phosphomolybdenum (methanol extract: Rutin)96 |
| – AM: Moderate effect on Staphylococcus spp, Candida (essential oil)97 | |
| Raphanus sativus | – AO: OH, NO, DPPH (methanol extract)98 |
| – AM: Gram-positive and -negative (seed methanol extract) and Staphylococcus spp, Bacillus subtilis (n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extract)99 | |
| – AI: lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine microglia cells (phenylpropanoid sucrosides)100 | |
| Rhus coriaria | – AO: DPPH and DMPD (water and ethanol extracts)101 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus epidermidis (hydroalcoholic extract)102 | |
| Sempervivum tectorum | – AO: ultraviolet-irradiated liposomal system (kaempferol, kaempferol-3-glucoside)103 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus aureus (polyphenols)104 | |
| Smilax china | – AO: DPPH, ABTS, RP (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water)105 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus aureus (ethanol extract)105 | |
| – AI: egg albumin–induced edema in mice (aqueous extract)106 | |
| Tanacetum parthenium | – AO: DPPH, Fe2+-chelating ability (ethanol: phenolic compounds)107 |
| – AM: (antifungal), (essential oil: camphor, chrysanthenyl acetate, and camphene)108 | |
| – AI: cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors (flavonoids)109 | |
| Teucrium chamaedrys | – AO: DPPH (water, methanol, and acetone extracts)110 |
| – AM: Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans (ethanol extract)111 | |
| Teucrium polium | – AO: β-carotene/linoleic acid, thiocyanate, DPPH (methanol extract: flavonoids)112 |
| – AM: Bacillus anthracis (ethanol extract), Bordetella bronchiseptica (methanol extract)35 | |
| – AI: Carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton-pellet granuloma (ethanol extract)33 | |
| – WH: Accelerating the burn wound healing (Teucrium 2% topical application)32 | |
| Verbena officinalis | – AO: DPPH (methanol extract, caffeoyl derivatives)113 |
| – AM: antifungal (50% methanol extract, caffeoyl derivatives)113 | |
| Ziziphus jujuba | – AO: DPPH, FRAP (methanol extract)114 |
| – AM: Streptococcus pyogenes (ethanol extract)115 | |
| – AI: Attenuation of nitric oxide expression, in vivo (hydroalcoholic extract)116 |
Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AO, antioxidant; AI, anti-inflammatory; AM, antimicrobial; CUPRAC, cupric ions reduction capacity; DMPD, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric-reducing antioxidant power; LP, lipid peroxidation; NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; TEAC, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; WH, wound healing.