Table 1.
Cited Medicinal Plants for the Management of Hemorrhoid Disease.
| Family | Scientific Name | Traditional Name | Part(s) | Administration | Dose | Text(s)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiantaceae | Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Barsiavashan | Aerial | Topical (oil) | — | 3 |
| Amaryllidaceae | Allium cepa L. | Basal | Root | Topical (oil) | — | 3, 4 |
| Allium ampeloprasum L. | Korras | Leaves | Oral, topical | 15 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 | |
| Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | Anbaj | Fruit | Oral | — | 3, 4 |
| Semecarpus anacardium Blanco | Belador | Fruit | Topical (smoke) | — | 2, 3 | |
| Pistacia terebinthus L. | Habatol khazra | Seed | Oral | 18 g | 3, 4 | |
| Rhus coriaria L. | Somagh | Fruit | Topical | — | 1, 3, 4 | |
| Apiaceae | Pimpinella anisum L. | Anisoon | Seed | Topical (oil) | — | 4 |
| Ferula assa-foetida L. | Anjedan | Seed | Topical (boiled) | — | 2, 3, 4 | |
| Ferula persica Willd. | Barzad | Flower | Topical | — | 3, 4 | |
| Apium graveolens L. | Hazza | Leaves | Oral (decocted) | 10.8 g | 4 | |
| Cuminum cyminum L. | Kroya | Seed | Topical (ASH) | — | 2, 4 | |
| Ferula gummosa Boiss. | Sakbinaj | Gum | Smoke, topical | 3.6 g | 1, 4 | |
| Anethum graveolens L. | Shebet | Seed | Topical (oil) | — | 1, 2, 3, 4 | |
| Araceae | Dracunculus vulgaris Schott | Loof | Leaves | Oral, topical | 25 g | 2, 3, 4 |
| Arecaceae | Phoenix dactylifera L. | Ghoore-e-khorrna | Fruit | Oral | — | 3, 4 |
| Cocos nucifera L. | Narjil | Fruit | Topical (oil) | 10.8 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 | |
| Aristolochiaceae | Aristolochia rotunda L. | Zaravand | Root | Oral | 8.4 g | 3 |
| Asparagaceae | Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn | Esghil | Root | Topical (ash) | — | 3 |
| Asteraceae | Artemisia absinthium L. | Afsantin | Flower | Oral, topical | 8 g | 2, 3, 4 |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | Baboonaj | Flower | Topical (oil) | — | 3 | |
| Achillea millefolium L. | Hozonbol | Root | Oral | 8.4 g | 3, 4 | |
| Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. | Oghhavan | Aerial | Topical (oil) | — | 1, 4 | |
| Berberidaceae | Berberis vulgaris L. | Ambarbaris | Fruit | Oral | 60 g | 4 |
| Brassicaceae | Lepidium sativum L. | Horf | Leaves | Smoke | — | 4 |
| Burseraceae | Boswellia sacra Flueck. | Kondor | Gum | Oral (with sugar) | 4.2 g | 4 |
| Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. | Moghl | Gum | Oral, smoke, topical | 3.6 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 | |
| Capparaceae | Capparis spinosa L. | Kabar | Root | Smoke, topical (decocted) | — | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Colchicaceae | Colchicum autumnale L. | Sooranjan | Root | Topical | — | 3 |
| Combretaceae | Terminalia chebula Retz. | Ahlilaj | Fruit | Oral (jam) | 30 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Balilaj | Fruit | Oral | 10.8 g | 3 | |
| Cucurbitaceae | Bryonia alba L. | Fashra | Root | Topical (OIL) | — | 3 |
| Cucurbita pepo L. | Gar’a | Fruit | Oral | — | 3, 4 | |
| Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. | Ghesa-ol-hemar | Fruit | Topical (boiled in oil) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | Hanzal | Fruit | Oral | 1.8-3.6 g | 4 | |
| Cupressaceae | Juniperus sabina L. | Abhal | Seed | Topical (oil) | 40 g | 3 |
| Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. | Sandroos | Gum | Smoke | — | 4 | |
| Cyperaceae | Cyperus longus L. | Soad | Root | Oral | 8.4 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Euphorbiaceae | Ricinus communis L. | Kherva | Seed | Topical (oil) | 5-10 g | 3, 4 |
| Fabaceae | Senna tora (L.) Roxb. | Ashragh | Seed | Oral | — | 4 |
| Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. | Habol ghallat | Seed | Oral, topical | 3.6 g | 3, 4 | |
| Alhagi maurorum Medik. | Haj | Flower | Oral, smoke | 30 g | 3, 4 | |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Holbeh | Seed | Oral, topical | — | 1,2, 3, 4 | |
| Cicer arietinum L. | Homas | Seed | Oral | — | 3, 4 | |
| Ceratonia siliqua L. | Kharnoob | Seed | Oral | 18 g | 3, 4 | |
| Senna alexandrina Mill. | Sena | Leaves | Oral (boiled) | 4.2 g | 3, 4 | |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Soos | Root | Topical | — | 3 | |
| Tamarindus indica L. | Tamr | Fruit | Oral | 120 g | 4 | |
| Lupinus albus L. | Termes | Seed | Topical (boiled) | — | 3 | |
| Hypericaceae | Hypericum perforatum L. | Hufarighoon | Aerial | Topical | — | 3, 4 |
| Iridaceae | Iris × germanica L. | Irsa | Root | Topical (oil) | — | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Juglandaceae | Juglans regia L. | Jowz | Seed | Oral, topical (ash) | 4 g | 3, 4 |
| Lamiaceae | Vitex agnus-castus L. | Aslagh | Aerial | Oral | 4.2 g | 4 |
| Ocimum × africanum Lour. | Faranjmeshk | Leaves | Oral, Topical | 12 g | 2, 4 | |
| Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. | Komafitoos | Aerial | Oral (7 days) | 10.8 g | 4 | |
| Mentha × piperita L. | Na’na | Leaves | Oral, topical | — | 3, 4 | |
| Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse | Ostokhodus | Aerial | Topical | — | 3 | |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Reyhan | Leaves | Topical (oil) | — | 2, 3 | |
| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | Darsini | Bark | Topical (in oil) | — | 4 | |
| Lythraceae | Punica granatum L. | Jolnar | Flower | Oral, topical | 4 | |
| Moraceae | Ficus carica L. | Tin | Leaves | Topical (enema) | — | 1,3, 4 |
| Moringaceae | Moringa arabica (Lam.) Pers. | Habol ban | Seed | Topical (oil) | — | 3, 4 |
| Myrtaceae | Myrtus communis L. | Aas | Leaves | Smoke, topical | — | 1, 2, 4 |
| Nitrariaceae | Peganum harmala L. | Hormal | Seed | Topical (Iris oil) | — | 3, 4 |
| Oxaliaceae | Oxalis acetosella L. | Hommaz | Seed | Oral | 3.6 g | 1, 3, 4 |
| Papaveraceae | Chelidonium majus L. | Mamiran | Gum | Topical | — | 4 |
| Pedaliaceae | Sesamum indicum L. | Samsam | Seed | Oral (oil) | 8.4 g | 3, 4 |
| Phyllanthaceae | Phyllanthus emblica L. | Amlaj | Fruit | Oral | 20 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Plantaginaceae | Plantago major L. | Lesan-ol-haml | Leaves, seed | Oral, topical (enema) | 42 g (leaves) | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Poaceae | Panicum miliaceum L. | Javars | Seed | Topical | — | 3 |
| Triticum spelta L. | Selt | Seed | Topical (boiled) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss | Tabasheer | Gum | Topical | — | 3 | |
| Polygonaceae | Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. | Anjebar | Root | Topical (boiled) | — | 3, 4 |
| Rheum palmatum L. | Ravand | Root | Topical (oil) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Rheum ribes L. | Ribas | Leaves | Oral (in water) | 120 g | 1 | |
| Polypodiaceae | Polypodium vulgare L. | Basfayej | Root | Oral (boiled) | 12 g | 3 |
| Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Baghlat-ol-hamgha | Leaves | Oral (fresh juice) | 84 g | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Ranunculaceae | Aconitum napellus L. | Khanegh-ol-namr | Leaves | Topical | — | 3, 4 |
| Nigella sativa L. | Shooniz | Seed | Topical (oil) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Rosaceae | Rubus vestitus Weihe | Olligh | Leaves | Topical | — | 1, 3 |
| Potentilla reptans L. | Bantafelon | Aerial | Topical (boiled) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Khookh | Seed | Topical (oil) | — | 3, 4 | |
| Prunus armeniaca L. | Meshmesh | Seed | Oral, topical | 4.2 g | 2, 3, 4 | |
| Rosa canina L. | Nasrin | Leaves | Topical | — | 4 | |
| Rubiaceae | Coffea arabica L. | Bon | Seed | Oral | — | 4 |
| Rutaceae | Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa | Bal | Fruit | Smoke | — | 3 |
| Citrus medica L. | Otroj | Peel | Oral, topical | — | 2, 3, 4 | |
| Ruta graveolens L. | Sodab | Leaves | Oral | 12.6 g | 3, 4 | |
| Salvadoraceae | Salvadora persica L. | Arak | Stem | Topical (in oil) | — | 3, 4 |
| Smilacaceae | Smilax china L. | Choob-e-chini | Root | Oral | 2-3 g | 4 |
| Solanaceae | Solanum melongena L. | Badenjan | Fruit | Oral, topical | — | 2, 3, 4 |
| Hyoscyamus niger L. | Bazrolbanj | Seed | Oral (with fig) | 2 g | 2, 3 | |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | Boozidan | Fruit | Oral, topical | 6.3 g | 3, 4 | |
| Lycium afrum L. | Hozaz | Aerial | Oral | 3.6 g | 1, 2, 4 | |
| Datura stramonium L. | Jowz masel | Seed | Topical (oil) | 7.2 g | 3, 4 | |
| Physalis alkekengi L. | Kakanj | Leaves | Topical | — | 4 | |
| Tamaricaceae | Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst. | Asl | Root | Smoke, topical | 7 days | 3, 4 |
| Theaceae | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Chai-e-khataii | Leaves | Topical (boiled) | — | 4 |
| Valerianaceae | Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. | Sonbol | Aerial | Oral | 4.2 g | 3, 4 |
| Vitaceae | Vitis vinifera L. | Karam | Fruit | Topical (ash) | — | 2, 3, 4 |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Sebr | Gum | Topical | — | 1, 2, 4 |
| Zingiberaceae | Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Jadvar | Root | Topical | — | 3 |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zanjebil | Root | Topical | — | 3, 4 |
aTexts: 1—(MS A 17- NLM, NLM Microfilm Reel: FILM 48-115 no. 3) Kitāb al-Hāwī fī al-Tibb (Liber Continens) by Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarīyā’ al-Rāzī (865-925), the 20th and 21st books of this encyclopedia are on Materia Medica containing 898 simple medicines; 2—Kitāb al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine), by Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) with 800 natural medicines and their application and effectiveness; 3—(MS P 21, 22- NLM, NLM Microfilm Reel: FILM 48-136 no. 2) the book of Tuhfat al-mu’minīn (The Present for the Faithful), a Persian comprehensive pharmacopoeia of remedies (second half of 17th century) by Muhammad Mu’min Daylamī Tunakābunī with 763 simple natural medicines; 4—(MS P 12- NLM, NLM Microfilm Reel: FILM 48-133 no. 2) Makhzan al-adviyah (The Storehouse of Medicaments), the largest and one of the latest Persian pharmacopoeias written by Muhammad Hāshim Hādī Alavī Shīrāzī (18th century ad) containing 28 chapters and 1698 monographs on natural medicine.