Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the children and their parents by group.
| Child Demographics | Group 1 (n=12) | Group 2 (n=11) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age in months ± SD | 52 ± 7 | 46 ± 10 | .14 |
| Male (raw count; %) | 8; 67 | 7; 64 | 1.00 ◆ |
| Not Hispanic (raw count; %) | 9; 90 | 7; 78 | .72 ◆ |
| Race (raw count; %) | 1.00 ◆ | ||
| Caucasian | 5; 42 | 5; 46 | |
| African American | 5; 42 | 4; 36 | |
| Asian | 0; 0 | 1; 9 | |
| Mixed | 1; 8 | 1; 9 | |
| Unknown | 1; 8 | 0; 0 | |
| Years preschool experience (raw count; %) | .58 ◆ | ||
| 1st year | 6; 55 | 8; 73 | |
| 2nd year | 2; 18 | 1; 9 | |
| 3rd year | 1; 9 | ||
| 4th year | 2; 18 | 0; 0 | |
| ADHD Diagnosis (raw count) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| ADHD Medication (raw count) | 1 | 0 | 1.00 |
| Child Baseline Characteristics | |||
| SDQ – Parent rating (Mean ± SD)ˆ | |||
| Emotional Problems | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | .03 |
| Conduct Problems | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | .48 |
| Hyperactive-inattentive | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | .14 |
| Peer Problems | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | .13 |
| Prosocial | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 8.4 ± 1.8 | .22 |
| Total Score | 11.7 ± 4.4 | 14.1 ± 7.4 | .37 |
| SDQ – Teacher rating (Mean ± SD) | |||
| Emotional Problems | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | .07 |
| Conduct Problems | 4.1 ± 3.4 | 3.0 ± 3.7 | .47 |
| Hyperactive-inattentive | 7.0 ± 3.0 | 6.2 ±3.2 | .53 |
| Peer Problems | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 2.5 | .76 |
| Prosocial | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | .39 |
| Total Score | 13.5 ± 5.4 | 13.2 ± 8.2 | .91 |
| ADHD – Parent rating (Mean ± SD)ˆ | |||
| Inattention | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 9.2 ± 4.8 | .70 |
| Hyperactivity | 13.3 ± 5.3 | 10.7 ± 5.7 | .28 |
| Total Score | 21.7 ± 9.1 | 19.9 ± 10.3 | .66 |
| ADHD – Teacher rating (Mean ± SD) | |||
| Inattention | 11.6 ± 6.8 | 11.9 ± 6.2 | .91 |
| Hyperactivity | 13.0 ± 8.7 | 12.5 ± 7.9 | .90 |
| Total Score | 24.6 ± 13.7 | 24.4 ± 12.4 | .98 |
| Heart rate variability (Mean ± SD) | (n=10) | (n=9) | |
| High frequency (ln) | 7.9 ± 0.8 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | .44 |
| RMSSD | 101.1 ± 24.6 | 90.8 ± 29.0 | .41 |
| SDNN | 97.4 ± 38.3 | 86.9 ± 45.6 | .59 |
| LF/HF ratio | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | .63 |
| Parent Demographics | |||
| Parent Age (raw count; %) | 1.00 ◆ | ||
| 18-24 years | 1; 8 | 1; 9 | |
| 25-34 years | 5; 42 | 4; 36 | |
| 35-44 years | 5; 42 | 6; 55 | |
| 45-54 years | 1; 8 | 0; 0 | |
| Parent Education (raw count; %) | 1.00 ◆ | ||
| High School or less | 3; 27 | 4; 36 | |
| Secondary education | 8; 73 | 7; 64 | |
| SES (raw count; %) | 1.00 ◆ | ||
| Preschool grant/voucher | 6; 55 | 6; 55 | |
| Tuition paying | 5; 46 | 5; 46 | |
| Caregivers in home (raw count; %) | 1.00 ◆ | ||
| One | 3; 33 | 3; 27 | |
| Two or more | 6; 67 | 8; 73 |
Note: Baseline KiTAP values are not included as there was not enough data to analyze meaningfully. One individual in Group 1 was American Indian/African American and one individual in Group 2 was Asian/African American.
Key:
ˆ
Missing for one participant in Group 2; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; ADHD = ADHD Rating Scale-IV Preschool Version; RMSSD = root mean square of successive differences; SDNN = standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals; LF/HF = low frequency/high frequency;
◆
Fisher Exact Test.