Table 1.
Trends of antimicrobial use stratified by ATC classification from 2011 to 2013
| ATC 4th level | NDB | Sales datab | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | Δa | 2011 | 2013 | |
| (a) Oral | ||||||
| Teracycline (J01AA) | 0.522 | 0.560 | 0.566 | 0.044 | 0.77 | 0.78 |
| Amphenicols (J01BA) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 0.549 | 0.566 | 0.756 | 0.206 | 0.80 | 0.88 |
| β-Lactamase-sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.021 | − 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitor (J01CR) | 0.198 | 0.228 | 0.230 | 0.032 | 0.24 | 0.25 |
| First-generation cephalosporins (J01DB) | 0.113 | 0.106 | 0.104 | − 0.009 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Second-generation cephalosporins (J01DC) | 0.061 | 0.058 | 0.056 | − 0.005 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
| Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD) | 2.960 | 3.016 | 2.930 | − 0.030 | 3.57 | 3.47 |
| Penems (J01DI) | 0.097 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.005 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Combinations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim, including derivatives (J01EE) | 0.705 | 0.796 | 0.887 | 0.182 | 0.79 | 0.98 |
| Short-acting macrolide (J01FA) | 0.253 | 0.251 | 0.246 | − 0.007 | 0.29 | 0.24 |
| Intermediate-acting macrolide (J01FA) | 3.941 | 4.011 | 3.995 | 0.054 | 4.00 | 3.84 |
| Long-acting macrolide (J01FA) | 0.704 | 0.679 | 0.577 | − 0.127 | 0.89 | 0.76 |
| Lincosamides (J01FF) | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| First-generation fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.031 | − 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Second-generation fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 1.778 | 1.913 | 1.837 | 0.059 | 1.93 | 1.91 |
| Third-generation fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 0.598 | 0.713 | 0.739 | 0.141 | 0.66 | 0.82 |
| Polymyxins (J01XB) | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Other antibacterials (J01XX) | 0.103 | 0.110 | 0.110 | 0.007 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| Total | 12.654 | 13.183 | 13.202 | 0.548 | 14.66 | 14.61 |
| (b) Parenteral | ||||||
| Teracycline (J01AA) | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.011 | − 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Amphenicols (J01BA) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 0.025 | 0.027 |
| β-Lactamase-sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.019 |
| Combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitor (J01CR) | 0.185 | 0.202 | 0.227 | 0.042 | 0.316 | 0.389 |
| First-generation cephalosporins (J01DB) | 0.059 | 0.061 | 0.065 | 0.007 | 0.121 | 0.130 |
| Second-generation cephalosporins(J01DC) | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.085 | − 0.003 | 0.124 | 0.111 |
| Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD) | 0.110 | 0.114 | 0.138 | 0.028 | 0.199 | 0.211 |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporins (JO1DE) | 0.042 | 0.047 | 0.045 | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.055 |
| Monobactams (J01DF) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Combinations of sulfonamides and trimethoprim, including derivatives (J01EE) | – | – | – | – | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Carbapenenems (J01DH) | 0.072 | 0.082 | 0.086 | 0.014 | 0.105 | 0.109 |
| Macrolides (J01FA) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | – | – |
| Lincosamides (J01FF) | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.028 | 0.022 |
| Streptogramins (J01FG) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Aminoglycosides (J01GB) | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.051 | − 0.005 | 0.061 | 0.052 |
| Second-generation fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 0.020 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.004 | 0.018 | 0.029 |
| Third-generation fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.006 | − 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| Glycopeptides (J01XA) | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.020 | − 0.001 | 0.037 | 0.033 |
| Other antibacterials (J01XX) | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.022 |
| Total | 0.734 | 0.776 | 0.829 | 0.094 | 1.159 | 1.225 |
Data show defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per days, DID
ATC anatomical therapeutic chemical
a Delta (Δ) values show the difference between 2013 and 2011 values
b Muraki et al. [6]