Table 1.
Study/population-specific sex ratios estimated using Poisson regression. *Study designs: 1 = registry data; 2 = case series; 3 = case-control study.
| First author (year) | Data source | Location | Year at diagnosis | Study design* | M:F ratio | Male cases (ASR, where available) | Female cases (ASR, where available) | Total cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Africa | ||||||||
| Algeria | ||||||||
| IARC (1997) | CI5 (vol. VII) | Setif | 1990–1993 | 1 | 2.03 | 9 (1.2) | 4 (0.3) | 13 |
| Meguenni (1998) [14] | Literature | Tlemcen | 1994–1996 | 2 | 0.86 | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| IARC (2002) | CI5 (vol. VIII) | Algiers | 1993–1997 | 1 | 1.77 | 34 (0.9) | 19 (0.5) | 53 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Batna | 1995–1999 | 1 | 0.70 | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Constantine | 1994–1997 | 1 | 1.50 | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 4 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Oran | 1996–1998 | 1 | 2.09 | 17 (1.5) | 8 (0.6) | 25 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Setif | 1993–1997 | 1 | 1.73 | 9 (0.5) | 5 (0.3) | 14 |
| IARC (2007) | CI5 (vol. IX) | Setif | 1998–2002 | 1 | 0.84 | 3 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 7 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Setif | 2003–2007 | 1 | 1.64 | 12 (0.4) | 6 (0.2) | 18 |
| Egypt | ||||||||
| Bahnassy (2005) [17] | Literature | Cairo | 1996–1998 | 2 | 2.13 | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| IARC (2007) | CI5 (vol. IX) | Gharbiah | 1999–2002 | 1 | 1.99 | 70 (1.7) | 40 (0.9) | 110 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Gharbiah | 2003–2007 | 1 | 1.99 | 110 (1.7) | 56 (0.9) | 166 |
| Libya | ||||||||
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Benghazi | 2003–2005 | 1 | 2.70 | 18 (1.6) | 3 (0.2) | 21 |
| Morocco | ||||||||
| Chbani (2012) [18] | Literature | Fez | 2004–2010 | 2 | 0.97 | 33 | 34 | 67 |
| Sudan | ||||||||
| Gasmelseed (2015) [19] | Literature | Gezira state | 1999–2012 | 2 | 0.49 | 133 | 270 | 403 |
| Tunisia | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Sousse | 1993–1997 | 1 | 1.02 | 3 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 6 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Tunis | 1994 | 1 | 1.10 | 18 (1.2) | 16 (1.0) | 34 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Sfax | 1997 | 1 | 1.10 | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | 4 |
| IARC (2007) | CI5 (vol. IX) | Sousse | 1998–2002 | 1 | 1.61 | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | 7 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | North | 2003–2005 | 1 | 1.40 | 35 (0.5) | 24 (0.3) | 59 |
| Total cases (Northern Africa) | 559 | 529 | 1088 | |||||
| Eastern Africa | ||||||||
| Ethiopia | ||||||||
| Ali (1998) [20] | Literature | Addia Ababa | 1992–1996 | 2 | 1.63 | 88 | 54 | 142 |
| Ashine & Lemma (1999) [21] | Literature | Sidama | 1986–1995 | 2 | 3.23 | 42 | 13 | 55 |
| Shewaye & Seme (2016) [22] | Literature | Addis Ababa | 2014–2015 | 3 | 0.81 | 96 | 119 | 215 |
| Leon (2017) [23] | Literature | Addis Ababa | 2012–2012 | 3 | 1.03 | 37 | 36 | 73 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Addis Ababa | 2012–2013 | 1 | 0.65 | 39 (2.2) | 61 (3.8) | 100 |
| Kenya | ||||||||
| White (2002) [24] | Literature | Tenwek | 1989–1998 | 2 | 1.40 | 160 | 114 | 274 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Eldoret | 1998–2000 | 1 | 1.62 | 89 (24.5) | 51 (15.5) | 140 |
| Lodenyo (2005) [25] | Literature | Nairobi | 1998–2001 | 2 | 1.00 | 34 | 34 | 68 |
| Ogendo (2007) [26] | Literature | Nairobi | 2001–2005 | 2 | 1.17 | 32 | 27 | 59 |
| Dawsey (2010) [11] | Literature | Tenwek (<30 year olds) | 1996–2009 | 2 | 1.48 | 65 | 44 | 109 |
| Parker (2011) [27] | Literature | Tenwek | 1999–2009 | 3 | 1.74 | 177 | 102 | 279 |
| Patel (2013) [28] | Literature | Eldoret | 2003–2006 | 3 | 1.37 | 92 | 67 | 159 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Eldoret | 2008–2011 | 1 | 1.79 | 220 (28.5) | 122 (16.9) | 342 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Nairobi | 2007–2011 | 1 | 1.00 | 278 (12.1) | 214 (12.5) | 492 |
| Malawi | ||||||||
| Banda (2001) [29] | Literature | Blantyre district | 1994–1998 | 1 | 2.11 | 148 (15.4) | 70 (9.3) | 218 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Blantyre | 2000–2001 | 1 | 1.80 | 65 (17.4) | 31 (10.7) | 96 |
| Crofts (2008) [30] | Literature | Blantyre | 2007–2008 | 2 | 1.14 | 24 | 21 | 45 |
| Mothes (2009) [31] | Literature | Zomba | 2004–2006 | 2 | 2.20 | 83 | 38 | 121 |
| Gyorki (2012) [32] | Literature | Lilongwe | 2005–2006 | 2 | 1.94 | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| Wolf (2012) [33] | Literature | Lilongwe | 2008–2010 | 2 | 2.08 | 183 | 88 | 271 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Blantyre | 2003–2007 | 1 | 1.61 | 320 (37.6) | 182 (23) | 502 |
| Mtonga (2013) [34] | Literature | Blantyre | 2010 | 2 | 0.65 | 11 | 17 | 28 |
| Mlombe (2015) [35] | Literature | Lilongwe & Blantyre | 2011–2013 | 3 | 1.91 | 63 | 33 | 96 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Blantyre | 2009–2010 | 1 | 1.66 | 153 (30.8) | 91 (19.3) | 244 |
| Mozambique | ||||||||
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Beira | 2009–2013 | 1 | 1.39 | 19 (5.5) | 11 (3.3) | 30 |
| Tanzania | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Dar es Salaam | 1990–1991 | 1 | 2.63 | 60 | 23 | 83 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Kilimanjaro | 1998–2000 | 1 | 3.33 | 76 | 22 | 98 |
| Mchembe (2013) [36] | Literature | Mwanza & Dar es Salaam | 2008–2013 | 2 | 2.22 | 226 | 102 | 328 |
| Gabel (2016) [37] | Literature | Dar es Salaam | 2006–2013 | 2 | 2.04 | 382 | 187 | 569 |
| Uganda | ||||||||
| Wabinga (1993) | Literature | Kyadondo county | 1989–1991 | 1 | 1.65 | 43 (13.0) | 26 (7.2) | 69 |
| IARC (1997) | CI5 (vol. VII) | Kampala | 1991–1993 | 1 | 1.84 | 63 (18.2) | 36 (8.7) | 99 |
| Wabinga (2000) | Literature | Kyadondo county | 1991–1994 | 1 | 1.51 | 83 (15.8) | 55 (9.4) | 138 |
| Wabinga (2000) | Literature | Kyadondo county | 1995–1997 | 1 | 1.08 | 68 (13.0) | 63 (14.2) | 131 |
| IARC (2002) | CI5 (vol. VIII) | Kampala | 1993–1997 | 1 | 1.16 | 104 (13.2) | 91 (12.2) | 195 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Mbarara | 1997–2000 | 1 | 4.25 | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| IARC (2007) | CI5 (vol. IX) | Kampala | 1998–2002 | 1 | 1.76 | 121 (14.1) | 77 (8.4) | 198 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Kyadondo county | 2003–2007 | 1 | 1.47 | 157 (15.6) | 125 (11.5) | 282 |
| Alema & Iva (2014) [38] | Literature | Northern Uganda | 2009–2011 | 2 | 2.86 | 53 | 18 | 71 |
| Okello (2016) [39] | Literature | Mbarara | 2003–2014 | 3 | 3.79 | 53 | 14 | 67 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Kyadondo county | 2008–2012 | 1 | 1.92 | 282 (22.6) | 172 (11.8) | 454 |
| Zambia | ||||||||
| Kayamba (2015) [40] | Literature | Lusaka | 2013–2014 | 3 | 2.57 | 36 | 14 | 50 |
| Asombang (2016) [41] | Literature | Lusaka | 2010–2012 | 3 | 1.70 | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| Zimbabwe | ||||||||
| IARC (1997) | CI5 (vol. VII) | Harare | 1990–1992 | 1 | 3.68 | 153 (29.5) | 22 (7.7) | 175 |
| IARC (2002) | CI5 (vol. VIII) | Harare | 1993–1997 | 1 | 2.23 | 220 (19.3) | 65 (8.8) | 285 |
| IARC (2007) | CI5 (vol. IX) | Harare | 1998–2002 | 1 | 2.57 | 191 (15.1) | 57 (5.3) | 248 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Harare | 2003–2006 | 1 | 1.49 | 181 (22.2) | 99 (15.3) | 280 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Harare | 2010–2012 | 1 | 0.93 | 125 (14.6) | 108 (16.1) | 233 |
| Total cases (Eastern Africa) | 5287 | 3052 | 8339 | |||||
| Southern Africa | ||||||||
| Namibia | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | 1995–1998 | 1 | 3.73 | 107 (6.3) | 33 (1.7) | 140 | |
| South Africa | ||||||||
| Levy (1998) [42] | Literature | Soweto | 1998 | 3 | 2.00 | 26 | 13 | 39 |
| Dietzsch (2002) [43] | Literature | Cape Town | 2002 | 3 | 2.30 | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| Pacella–Norman (2002) [44] | Literature | Johannesburg | 1995–1999 | 3 | 1.93 | 267 | 138 | 405 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | 1989–1992 | 1 | 2.49 | 6592 (23.1) | 2990 (9.1) | 9582 | |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Elim | 1991–1994 | 1 | 2.41 | 41 | 16 | 57 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Transkei region | 1996–1998 | 1 | 1.34 | 134 (37.5) | 173 (26.5) | 307 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Transkei region | 1996–1998 | 1 | 1.64 | 117 (62.5) | 97 (34.5) | 214 |
| Dlamini (2005) [45] | Literature | Kwazulu Natal | 2005 | 2 | 1.17 | 47 | 40 | 87 |
| Dandara (2006) [46] | Literature | Western Cape province | 1997–2003 | 3 | 1.42 | 85 | 60 | 145 |
| Matsha (2006) [47] | Literature | Transkei region | 2003–2005 | 2 | 1.54 | 142 | 92 | 234 |
| Li (2008) [48] | Literature | Cape Town | 1997–2003 | 4 | 1.47 | 84 | 57 | 141 |
| Van der Merwe (2010) [49] | Literature | Free State province | 1995 | 2 | 2.51 | 158 | 63 | 221 |
| Van der Merwe (2010) [49] | Literature | Free State province | 2000 | 2 | 2.34 | 103 | 44 | 147 |
| Van der Merwe (2010) [49] | Literature | Free State province | 2005 | 2 | 1.79 | 68 | 38 | 106 |
| Somdyala (2010) [50] | Literature | Eastern Cape province | 1998–2002 | 1 | 0.93 | 444 (32.7) | 479 (20.2) | 923 |
| Sitas (2012) [51] | Literature | Johannesburg | 1995–2006 | 2 | 1.60 | 429 | 268 | 697 |
| IARC (2013) | CI5 (vol. X) | Eastern Cape province | 2003–2007 | 1 | 1.62 | 475 (32.0) | 533 (19.6) | 1008 |
| Sewram (2014) [52] | Literature | Eastern Cape province | 2001–2003 | 3 | 0.99 | 334 | 336 | 670 |
| Dandara (2015) [53] | Literature | Cape Town | 1977–2007 | 2 | 1.84 | 1092 | 593 | 1685 |
| Swaziland | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Manzini | 1996–1999 | 1 | 3.33 | 106 (14.0) | 38 (4.1) | 144 |
| Total cases (Southern Africa) | 10874 | 6111 | 16985 | |||||
| Middle Africa | ||||||||
| Congo | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Brazzaville | 1996–1999 | 1 | 1.57 | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 5 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Brazzaville | 2009–2013 | 1 | 1.58 | 7 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) | 9 |
| Total cases (Middle Africa) | 11 | 3 | 14 | |||||
| Western Africa | ||||||||
| Burkina Faso | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Ouagadougou | 1998 | 1 | 1.08 | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | ||||||||
| Echimane (2000) [54] | Literature | Abidjan | 1995–1997 | 1 | 9.00 | 9 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 10 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Abidjan | 2012–2013 | 1 | 0.81 | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | 6 |
| Ghana | ||||||||
| Tettey (2012) [55] | Literature | Accra | 1992–2010 | 2 | 4.07 | 122 | 30 | 152 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Kumasi | 2012–2013 | 1 | 1.06 | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 3 |
| Guinea | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Conakry | 1996–1999 | 1 | 2.10 | 13 (0.9) | 5 (0.5) | 18 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Conakry | 2001–2010 | 1 | 1.92 | 13 (0.8) | 3 (0.1) | 16 |
| Mali | ||||||||
| IARC (1997) | CI5 (vol. VII) | Bamako | 1988–1992 | 1 | 0.99 | 12 (1.5) | 7 (0.8) | 19 |
| IARC (2002) | CI5 (vol. VIII) | Bamako | 1994–1996 | 1 | 1.17 | 17 (3.0) | 9 (1.7) | 26 |
| Niger | ||||||||
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Niamey | 1993–1999 | 1 | 0.94 | 7 (1.0) | 7 (1.3) | 14 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Niamey | 2006–2009 | 1 | 2.08 | 13 (1.2) | 2 (0.2) | 15 |
| Nigeria | ||||||||
| Awojobi (1996) | Literature | Eruwa, Oyo state | 1986–1995 | 1 | 0.83 | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| Ojo (1996) | Literature | Ife-Ijesha | 1993–1995 | 1 | 1.00 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Adegboye (2002) [56] | Literature | Ibadan | 1986–1996 | 2 | 2.10 | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| IARC (2003) | CIA | Ibadan | 1998–1999 | 1 | 2.31 | 7 (1.1) | 2 (0.3) | 9 |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | Ibadan | 2006–2009 | 1 | 1.93 | 15 (1.0) | 7 (0.4) | 22 |
| The Gambia | ||||||||
| IARC (2002) | CI5 (vol. VIII) | 1997–1998 | 1 | 1.27 | 6 (1.4) | 3 (1.1) | 9 | |
| IARC (In press) | CIA | 2007–2011 | 1 | 2.15 | 22 (1.0) | 8 (0.5) | 30 | |
| Togo | ||||||||
| Amegbor (2008) [57] | Literature | Lome | 1986–2005 | 2 | 2.25 | 72 | 32 | 104 |
| Total cases (Western Africa) | 365 | 143 | 508 | |||||
| Total cases | 17096 | 9838 | 26934 | |||||