Table 2.

Overview of studies that applied non-real-time molecular tools directly on clinical specimen to detect azole resistance markers in A. fumigatus.

Country	Patients samples	Resistance markers	PCR system	Remarks	Positivity	Reference
United States	56 whole blood samples	G54	Pyrosequencing	No control was available for sequence results	2 Cyp51A DNA positive 2 Cyp51A profiling successful 2 WT	Trama et al., 2005
Germany	BAL fluid and tissue samples from 8 patients positive for A. fumigatus DNA	TR34, L98H, M220	Sequencing		8 A. fumigatus DNA positive 8 Cyp51A profiling successful	Spiess et al., 2012
Germany	Serum, BAL, tissue from 155 patients	TR34/L98H/TR46/M220	TR34 M220 TR46 nested sequenced based	LoD: L98H, 300fg. TR46, 300fg. Other assays: Spiess et al. (2012)	181 Aspergillus DNA positive, 26 L98H profiling successful, 17 L98H and TR34 profiling successful, 32 L98H, TR34 and TR46 profiling successful	Spiess et al., 2014
France	97 respiratory samples	TR34, L98H, G54, G138C, M220	Sequencing		44 Aspergillus DNA positive, 38 Cyp51A profiling successful	Zhao et al., 2016

LoD, limit of detection.