Table 2.
CVD, CKD-MBD and mortality outcomes of included RCTs.
| Author, year | CVD | CKD-BMD | Mortality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kim, 2017 | CACS increased in both groups, especially in the LCD group. | ALP (U/L) at 12 months (mean ± SD): LCD = 90.4 ± 32.1; HCD = 80.2 ± 33.0; p = 0.2217. |
2 of 36 died in the LCD group, 1 of 40 died in the HCD group. |
| He, 2016 | cIMT (p = 0.029) and cf-PWV (p = 0.024), parameters of atherosclerosis and aortic stiffness, respectively, were significantly lower in the LCD group than in the HCD group. | No data. | 5 of 64 died in the LCD group, 13 of 64 died in the HCD group. Kaplan-Meier curve revealed significancy. p = 0.041. |
| Ok, 2016 | The progression rate of CACS was significantly slower in the LCD group than in the HCD group. | Iliac crest bone biopsies showed that both bone turnovers and volumes were significantly higher in the LCD group than in the HCD group at 24 months. P < 0.05. ALP (U/L) shown as time-averaged data during 24 months (mean ± SD): LCD = 139 ± 72; HCD = 101 ± 52; p = 0.2217. |
31 of 212 died in the LCD group, 37 of 213 died in the HCD group. |
| Lu, 2016 | The average IMT of the carotid artery, RI and AACS scores were notably decreased at 6 and 12 months in the LCD group. | No data. | 3 of 41 died in the LCD group, 2 of 41 died in the HCD group. |
| Spasovski, 2007 | No data. | ALP (U/L) at 6 months (mean ± SD): LCD = 84.0 ± 35.4; HCD = 65.6 ± 25.9; p < 0.05. BAP: (U/L) at 6 months (mean ± SD): LCD = 35.6 ± 22.3; HCD = 22.5 ± 9.7; p < 0.05. |
Nobody died in either group. |
| Holgado, 2000 | No data. | ALP (IU/L) at 6 months (mean ± SE): LCD = 183 ± 31; HCD = 204 ± 46; n.s. |
5 of 16 died in the LCD group, 3 of 17 died in the HCD group. |
| Sánchez, 2000 | No data. | After 1 year of hemodialysis, the BMD of the lumbar spine assessed by QCT was significantly reduced in the LCD group, but not in the HCD group. ALP (IU/L) at 1 year (mean ± SD): LCD = 152 ± 38; HCD = 138 ± 38; p value not available. |
Nobody died in either group. |
Abbreviations: AACS = abdominal aortic calcification score; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; BAP = bone ALP; BMD = bone mineral density; CACS = coronary artery calcium scores; cf-PWV = carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; cIMT = increased carotid intima-media thickness; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; HCD = high calcium dialysate; LCD = low calcium dialysate; IMT = intimal media thickness; MBD = mineral bone disorders; QCT = Quantitative Computed Tomography; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RI = resistance index; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error.