Table 1.
Basal demographic and clinical characteristics of study population.
| All | Non-reducer | Reducer | Quitter | Never smoker | Ex-smoker | Starter | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Patient No. | 17,204 | 100 | 3,599 | 20.92 | 544 | 3.16 | 1,538 | 8.94 | 5,341 | 31.05 | 5,274 | 30.66 | 908 | 5.28 |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 52.0 | (14.0) | 49.0 | (11.0) | 50.5 | (13.0) | 51.0 | (13.0) | 55.0 | (14.0) | 52.0 | (14.0) | 51.0 | (13.0) |
| 40–49 | 6,787 | 39.45 | 1,835 | 50.99 | 247 | 45.40 | 638 | 41.55 | 1,610 | 30.14 | 2,053 | 38.93 | 403 | 44.38 |
| 50–59 | 5,987 | 34.80 | 1,201 | 33.37 | 183 | 33.64 | 547 | 35.57 | 1,915 | 35.85 | 1,832 | 34.74 | 309 | 34.03 |
| 60–69 | 3,709 | 21.56 | 494 | 13.73 | 102 | 18.75 | 300 | 19.51 | 1,488 | 27.86 | 1,152 | 21.84 | 173 | 19.05 |
| ≥70 | 721 | 4.19 | 69 | 1.92 | 12 | 2.21 | 52 | 3.38 | 328 | 6.14 | 237 | 4.49 | 23 | 2.53 |
| Income status | ||||||||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 5,506 | 32.00 | 1,280 | 35.57 | 197 | 36.21 | 533 | 34.66 | 1,682 | 31.49 | 1,537 | 29.14 | 277 | 30.51 |
| Quartile 2 | 3,342 | 19.43 | 742 | 20.62 | 113 | 20.77 | 285 | 18.53 | 1,026 | 19.21 | 959 | 18.18 | 217 | 23.90 |
| Quartile 3 | 4,879 | 28.36 | 1,011 | 28.09 | 151 | 27.76 | 420 | 27.31 | 1,473 | 27.58 | 1,572 | 29.81 | 252 | 27.75 |
| Quartile 4 | 3,488 | 20.21 | 566 | 15.73 | 83 | 15.26 | 300 | 19.51 | 1,160 | 21.72 | 1,206 | 22.87 | 162 | 17.84 |
| CCI | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 13,367 | 77.70 | 2,785 | 77.38 | 412 | 75.74 | 1,166 | 75.81 | 4,099 | 76.75 | 4,205 | 79.73 | 700 | 77.09 |
| 1 | 3,068 | 17.83 | 662 | 18.39 | 102 | 18.75 | 302 | 19.64 | 973 | 18.22 | 868 | 16.46 | 161 | 17.73 |
| ≥2 | 769 | 4.47 | 152 | 4.22 | 30 | 5.51 | 70 | 4.55 | 269 | 5.04 | 201 | 3.81 | 47 | 5.18 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||
| <3 time/month | 9,464 | 55.01 | 1,476 | 41.01 | 236 | 43.38 | 694 | 45.12 | 3,549 | 66.45 | 2,898 | 54.95 | 611 | 67.29 |
| 1–2 time/week | 3,933 | 22.86 | 1,061 | 29.48 | 134 | 24.63 | 454 | 29.52 | 970 | 18.16 | 1,176 | 22.30 | 138 | 15.20 |
| ≥3 time/week | 3,202 | 18.61 | 886 | 24.62 | 152 | 27.94 | 352 | 22.89 | 699 | 13.09 | 982 | 18.62 | 131 | 14.43 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||||
| None | 6,053 | 35.18 | 1,360 | 37.79 | 226 | 41.54 | 562 | 36.54 | 2,004 | 37.52 | 1,456 | 27.61 | 445 | 49.01 |
| 1–2 time/week | 4,149 | 24.12 | 995 | 27.65 | 125 | 22.98 | 444 | 28.87 | 1,242 | 23.25 | 1,167 | 22.13 | 176 | 19.38 |
| >3 time/week | 6,877 | 39.97 | 1,237 | 34.37 | 192 | 35.29 | 528 | 34.33 | 2,043 | 38.25 | 2,614 | 49.56 | 263 | 28.96 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 24.84 | (3.62) | 24.74 | (3.67) | 24.74 | (4.13) | 24.68 | (3.56) | 24.90 | (3.56) | 24.91 | (3.47) | 24.74 | (3.72) |
| <18.5 | 199 | 1.16 | 57 | 2.76 | 15 | 2.76 | 28 | 1.82 | 37 | 0.69 | 50 | 0.95 | 12 | 1.32 |
| 18.5–22.9 | 4,138 | 24.05 | 978 | 29.60 | 161 | 29.60 | 381 | 24.77 | 1,281 | 23.98 | 1,124 | 21.31 | 213 | 23.46 |
| 23.0–24.9 | 4,974 | 28.91 | 1,012 | 24.26 | 132 | 24.26 | 438 | 28.48 | 1,589 | 29.75 | 257 | 29.31 | 257 | 28.30 |
| ≥25.0 | 7,890 | 45.86 | 1,552 | 43.20 | 235 | 43.20 | 691 | 44.93 | 2,434 | 45.57 | 426 | 48.39 | 426 | 46.92 |
| BMI change (kg/m2)a | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | −0.06 | (1.45) | −0.08 | (1.52) | −0.16 | (1.59) | 0.08 | (1.66) | −0.09 | (1.40) | −0.07 | (1.36) | −0.25 | (1.53) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR)b | 130 | (20) | 130 | (20) | 130 | (20) | 130 | (20) | 130 | (21) | 130 | (20) | 130 | (20) |
| <120/80 | 2,943 | 17.11 | 706 | 19.62 | 97 | 17.83 | 307 | 19.96 | 825 | 16.04 | 846 | 16.04 | 162 | 17.84 |
| 120/80–139/89 | 8,454 | 49.14 | 1,749 | 48.60 | 253 | 46.51 | 731 | 47.53 | 2,551 | 51.73 | 2,728 | 51.73 | 442 | 48.68 |
| 140/90–159/89 | 4,012 | 23.32 | 786 | 21.84 | 124 | 22.79 | 349 | 22.69 | 1,330 | 22.92 | 1,209 | 22.92 | 214 | 23.57 |
| ≥160/90 | 1,792 | 10.42 | 357 | 9.91 | 70 | 12.87 | 151 | 9.82 | 634 | 9.29 | 490 | 9.29 | 90 | 9.91 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 202 | (50) | 203 | (51) | 205 | (51) | 202 | (49) | 199 | (49) | 204 | (50) | 202.0 | (51) |
| <200 | 8,925 | 51.88 | 1,755 | 48.76 | 275 | 50.55 | 504 | 51.50 | 2,971 | 55.63 | 2,675 | 50.72 | 457 | 50.33 |
| 200–239 | 5,639 | 32.78 | 1,231 | 34.20 | 173 | 31.80 | 504 | 32.77 | 1,675 | 31.36 | 1,761 | 33.39 | 295 | 32.49 |
| ≥240 | 2,625 | 15.26 | 609 | 16.92 | 95 | 17.46 | 240 | 15.60 | 688 | 12.88 | 837 | 15.87 | 156 | 17.18 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 104 | (34) | 106 | (39) | 108 | (43) | 104 | (34) | 105 | (35) | 102 | (31) | 104 | (32) |
| <100 | 4,642 | 26.98 | 889 | 24.70 | 139 | 25.55 | 464 | 30.17 | 1,514 | 28.35 | 1,375 | 26.07 | 261 | 28.74 |
| 100–125 | 5,741 | 33.37 | 1,076 | 29.90 | 173 | 31.80 | 494 | 32.12 | 1,820 | 34.08 | 1,903 | 36.08 | 275 | 30.29 |
| ≥126 | 6,814 | 39.61 | 1,631 | 45.32 | 231 | 42.46 | 580 | 37.71 | 2,004 | 37.52 | 1,996 | 37.85 | 372 | 40.97 |
N, number of patients; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.
aBMI change was calculated by subtracting the BMI measured at the health examination before diabetes diagnosis from that measure at the health examination after diabetes diagnosis.
bMedian blood pressure was presented using the systolic blood pressure measured at the health examination before diabetes diagnosis.