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. 2018 Mar 28;8:5341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23424-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences between severity groups given by 6 radiomic features. In the boxplots, HNS = healthy non-smokers, Mild = mild COPD patients, Mod = moderate COPD patients and HS = healthy smokers. The + signs denote outliers. The 6 radiomic features studied are (A) upwards complexity (see Methods for details), (B) bronchial tree length, (C) emphysema score (as percentage of low attenuation area), (D) volume of the airways (computed as the number of voxels inside the grey airway structure in Fig. 4A), (E) upwards complexity divided by participant’s height, (F) bronchial tree length divided by participant’s height. The combination of radiomic features A and B can distinguish all groups except for HS from HNS or from Mild, which outperforms the combination of methods C and D.