Table 2.
Group A: tiotropium + observation.
| Day 1 | Day 29 | Day 56 | ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 120 ± 6 | 115 ± 5 § | 118 ± 4 ¶ | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79 ± 10 | 75 ± 9 ¶ | 74 ± 9 § | <0.01 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 73 ± 6 | 66 ± 5 ¶ | 68 ± 4 ¶ | <0.05 |
| BW, kg | 59.5 ± 13.7 | 59.0 ± 13.6 | 59.3 ± 13.5 | NS |
| SpO2, % | 96.2 ± 1.7 | 97.0 ± 1.3 ¶ | 96.3 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
| Respiratory function | ||||
| FEV1.0, L | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 1.74 ± 0.16 § | 1.51 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| FEV1.0(%predict), % | 78.1 ± 5.7 | 87.2 ± 7.9 § | 75.7 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| FVC, L | 2.64 ± 0.14 | 2.75 ± 0.13 § | 2.55 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| FEV/FVC, % | 59.3 ± 5.3 | 63.6 ± 6.4 § | 59.5 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVDd, mm | 57.3 ± 3.7 | 59.3 ± 3.6 ¶ | 56.2 ± 3.2 | <0.05 |
| LVDs, mm | 49.5 ± 66.9 | 48.3 ± 4.2 | 48.0 ± 3.6 | NS |
| LVEF, % | 36.3 ± 2.4 | 41.8 ± 5.9 § | 37.8 ± 7.8 | <0.01 |
| PG(RA-RV), mmHg | 18.9 ± 4.8 | 16.7 ± 4.3 § | 16.5 ± 5.1 § | <0.05 |
| IVC, mm | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | 9.5 ± 1.6 | NS |
| Laboratory testing | ||||
| BNP, pg/mL | 374 ± 94 | 263 ± 92 § | 293 ± 78 | <0.001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 821 ± 251 | 468 ± 203 § | 501 ± 191 ¶ | <0.001 |
The shaded part of the table indicates the periods of inhalation of tiotropium. § = p < 0.01, ¶ = p < 0.05 vs. before inhalation, respectively; 6MWD = 6-min walk distance, BP = blood pressure, bpm = beats per minute, BW = body weight, SpO2 = arterial oxygen saturation, FEV = forced expiratory volume, FVC = forced vital capacity, LVDd = diastolic left ventricular diameter, LVDs = systolic left ventricular diameter, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, PG(RA-RV) = pressure gradient between the right atrial and right ventricular chamber, IVC = diameter of the inferior vena cava, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, ANOVA = repeated-measures analysis of variance, NS = no significant change.