Table 3.
Group B: observation + tiotropium.
| Day 1 | Day 29 | Day 56 | ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 119 ± 9 | 118 ± 8 | 113 ± 7 § | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 81 ± 7 | 80 ± 7 | 75 ± 7 ¶ | <0.05 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 76 ± 5 | 73 ± 4 | 68 ± 4 ¶ | <0.01 |
| BW, kg | 62.1 ± 13.4 | 61.9 ± 13.5 | 61.9 ± 13.6 | NS |
| SpO2, % | 95.6 ± 1.1 | 96.6 ± 1.1 | 97.8 ± 0.8 | <0.01 |
| Respiratory function | ||||
| FEV1.0, L | 1.55 ± 0.11 | 1.60 ± 0.12 | 1.75 ± 0.18 § | <0.001 |
| FEV1.0(%predict), % | 77.7 ± 5.7 | 80.0 ± 6.0 | 87.4 ± 8.9 § | <0.001 |
| FVC, L | 2.63 ± 0.12 | 2.64 ± 0.13 | 2.75 ± 0.11 § | <0.001 |
| FEV/FVC, % | 59.2 ± 5.0 | 60.6 ± 5.0 | 63.6 ± 5.7 § | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVDd, mm | 57.4 ± 3.1 | 57.1 ± 3.1 | 59.0 ± 3.1 ¶ | <0.05 |
| LVDs, mm | 49.1 ± 6.2 | 49.5 ± 4.2 | 48.7 ± 3.8 | NS |
| LVEF, % | 36.6 ± 1.8 | 35.7 ± 3.8 | 41.6 ± 3.8 § | <0.01 |
| PG(RA-RV), mmHg | 19.6 ± 5.1 | 18.7 ± 5.2 | 16.5 ± 4.3 ¶ | <0.05 |
| IVC, mm | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.6 | 9.5 ± 2.2 | NS |
| Laboratory testing | ||||
| BNP, pg/mL | 369 ± 119 | 358 ± 110 | 246 ± 101 § | <0.001 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 826 ± 248 | 747 ± 241 | 446 ± 107 ¶ | <0.001 |
The shaded part of the table indicates the periods of inhalation of tiotropium. § = p < 0.01, ¶ = p < 0.05 vs. before inhalation, respectively; 6MWD = 6-min walk distance, BP = blood pressure, bpm = beats per minute, BW = body weight, SpO2 = arterial oxygen saturation, FEV = forced expiratory volume, FVC = forced vital capacity, LVDd = diastolic left ventricular diameter, LVDs = systolic left ventricular diameter, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, PG(RA-RV) = pressure gradient between the right atrial and right ventricular chamber, IVC = diameter of the inferior vena cava, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, ANOVA = repeated-measures analysis of variance, NS = no significant change.