Table 3. Factors associated with mothers known to be infected with HIV missing their uptake of antiretroviral therapy or missing nevirapine prophylaxis for their infants, Malawi, October 2014–May 2016.
| Characteristic | Unweighted denominator | Missed maternal ART uptakea |
Missed infant nevirapine prophylaxisa |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted, no. (%) | Weighted aORb (95% CI) | Unweighted, no. (%) | Weighted aORb (95% CI) | |||
| Location (n = 3 233) | ||||||
| Rural facility in Central or North regions | 803 | 9 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.6–4.0) | 63 (7.8) | 1.5 (0.8–3.0) | |
| Urban facility in Central or North regions | 857 | 19 (2.2) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | 69 (8.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
| Rural facility in South region | 881 | 9 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.4–4.4) | 59 (6.7) | 1.3 (0.6–2.5) | |
| Urban facility in South region | 692 | 13 (1.9) | Reference | 43 (6.2) | Reference | |
| Mother’s age in years (n = 3 224) | ||||||
| ≤ 19 | 191 | 3 (1.6) | 1.5 (0.1–14.1) | 20 (10.5) | 1.9 (0.7–4.8) | |
| 20–24 | 617 | 16 (2.6) | 1.2 (0.2–5.6) | 60 (9.7) | 3.1 (1.8–5.5) | |
| 25–29 | 790 | 14 (1.8) | 0.6 (0.1–3.3) | 52 (6.6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | |
| ≥ 30 | 1626 | 17 (1.0) | Reference | 100 (6.2) | Reference | |
| Parity (n = 3 230) | ||||||
| 1 | 401 | 8 (2.0) | 1.8 (0.4–8.5) | 40 (10.0) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | |
| 2–3 | 1328 | 27 (2.0) | 1.1(0.3–3.2) | 95 (7.2) | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | |
| ≥ 4 | 1501 | 15 (1.0) | Reference | 98 (6.5) | Reference | |
| ANC uptake (n = 3 233) | NIIMc | NIIM | ||||
| Yes | 3225 | 50 (1.6) | 233 (7.2) | |||
| No | 8 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | |||
| Location of ANC (n = 3 225) | ||||||
| At study site | 2559 | 24 (0.9) | Reference | 172 (6.7) | Reference | |
| At different site | 666 | 26 (3.9) | 4.7 (1.5–14.8) | 61 (9.2) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | |
| HIV status ascertained at ANCa (n = 3 233) | ||||||
| Known HIV-positive before index pregnancy | 1637 | 9 (0.5) | Reference | 100 (6.1) | Reference | |
| Found HIV-positive during index pregnancy | 1596 | 41 (2.6) | 3.2 (1.3–8.0) | 134 (8.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | |
| ART status and timing of ART initiation among confirmed HIV-infected mothers (n = 3 180) | ||||||
| On ART since before index pregnancy | 1572 | N/A | N/A | 92 (5.9) | Reference | |
| On ART, having started during index pregnancy | 1475 | N/A | N/A | 76 (5.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | |
| On ART, having started postpartum | 49 | N/A | N/A | 5 (10.2) | 1.4 (0.3–6.5) | |
| Off ART, having started and stopped | 34 | N/A | N/A | 7 (20.6) | 6.4 (1.5–28.0) | |
| Off ART and never started | 50 | 50 (100) | N/A | 23 (46.0) | 15.4 (7.2–32.9) | |
ANC: antenatal clinic; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; ART: antiretroviral therapy; CI: confidence interval; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; N/A: not applicable; NIIM: not included in model.
a As reported by mothers 4–26 weeks postpartum.
b Weighted according to sampling interval and the probabilities of districts, clusters and subjects being selected and adjusted for all other variables in the model.
c Too few (0) events to be included in the model.