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. 2018 Feb 15;7(1):18. doi: 10.3390/biology7010018

Table 2.

Lipids extracted from microalgae by MAE as a pre-treatment method.

Microalgal Strain Dry/Wet Method Solvents Used Ratio (Solvent to Sample) Volumes Added Microwave Settings Product & Yield Energy Use (MJ/kg) Ref.
Crypthecodinium cohnii Dry Hexane 18:1 2 g of milled algal powder, 35 mL hexane 2.45 GHz, 45 °C, 30 min 17.8% oil yield x [12]
Botryococcus sp. Dry Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 200:1 0.5 g of algae powder, 100 mL distilled water, 100 mL chloroform:methanol 2.45 GHz, 100 °C, 5 min 28.1% lipid x [31]
Chlorella vulgaris 10% lipid
Scenedesmus sp. 10.4% lipid
Scenedesmus obliquus Wet Hexane 1:1 Equal volume of hexane to sample after heating 2.45 GHz, 1200 W, 95 °C, 30 min (5 min intervals) 31.38% wet weight (77% recoverable oil) x [47]
Chlorella sp. Dry Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 400:1 0.5 g algae, 200 mL chloroform:methanol 2.45 GHz, 100 °C, 5 min 26 mg/g FAMEs x [63]
Nostoc sp. 19 mg/g FAMEs
Tolypothrix sp. 21 mg/g FAMEs
Chlorella vulgaris Wet Chloroform:methanol (1:1) x 500 mL culture pelleted 2.45 GHz, 100 °C, 5 min 18.14% lipid x [26]
Chlorella vulgaris x Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 100:1 1 g algae, 100 mL chloroform:methanol 300 W, 50 °C, 30 min 31.9% DW lipid x [60]
Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211-12 Dry Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 100:1 0.5 g algae, 50 mL distilled water, 50 mL chloroform:methanol 2.45 GHz, 1000 W, 2.5 min 9.59% DW lipid x [64]
Chlorogleopsis fritcschii Dry Dichloromethane 25:1 1 g algae, 10 mL deionised water, 25 mL dichloromethane 1200 W, 140 °C, 15 min 1.4% DW lipid x [28]
Nannochloropsis oculata 11.3% DW lipid
Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea 37.5% DW lipid
Chlorella PY-ZU1 GM Wet Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 50:1 50 mL algal culture (1 g DW), 50 mL chloroform:methanol 80 °C, 10 min 18.7% DW lipid 25.2 [58]
Nannochloropsis sp. Wet Chloroform:ethanol (1:2) 45:1 3.3 g wet algal paste, 50 mL chloroform, 100 mL ethanol, 40 mL deionised water 2.45 GHz, 1200 W, 120 °C, 50 min (5 min ramp, 15 min hold, 30 min cool-down) 53% DW lipid x [61]
40% methyl soyate in ethanol x 3.3 g wet algal paste, 40% methyl soyate in ethanol 56.6% DW lipid
Phaeodactylum tricornutum Wet Chloroform x 45 mL culture pelleted, 5 mL distilled water, 3 mL chloroform 2.45 GHz, 1000 W, level 4, 90 °C, 5 min 32% (w/w) glycerides x [65]
Chlorella vulgaris 21% (w/w) glycerides
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 7% (w/w) glycerides
Scenedesmus dimorphus Wet Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 40:1 200 mg wet algae, 8 mL solvent 557 W, 1 min then 254 W, 4 min 17.2% DW lipid x [23]
Selanastrum minutum 21% DW lipid
Chlorella protothecoides 17% DW lipid
Nannochloropsis gaditana Dry Methanol x 5 g algae 2.45 GHz, 30–35 W, 90 °C, 10 min 14.82% DW FAs; 1.18% DW EPA 10.9 Wh/g FA [66]
Unknown microalga Dry n-heptane:isopropanol (2:1) x 5 g algae 1000 W, 40 min 28% DW lipid x [67]
Mixed culture of microalgae Dry Methanol:chloroform (1:1) 10:1 500 mg algae, 2.5 mL methanol, 2.5 mL chloroform, 1.25 mL 1.5% sodium sulphate, 1 mL deionised water 400 W, 100 °C, 5 min 30 s (70 s temperature ramp, 45 s hold, 3 cycles) 33.7% DW lipid x [68]
Isochrysis sp. Dry Methanol:chloroform (1:2) x 0.5 g algae, 50 mL distilled water 2.45 GHz, 1200 W, 45 °C, 30 MPa, 5 min 7.8% DW FFAs; 0.08% DW EPA x [69]
Nannochloropsis gaditana 10.8% DW FFAs; 0.47% DW EPA
Scenedesmus almeriensis 3.1% DW FFAs; 0.22% DW EPA
Tetraselmis sp. 4.8% DW FFAs; 0.1% DW EPA
Scenedesmus sp. Dry Chloroform:ethanol (1:1) 20:1 40 mL mixture chloroform:ethanol, 2 g DW algae 1000 W, 100 °C, 10 min 53% lipid 1.18 [39]
Chlorella sp. Dry Ethanol 12:1 4 g algae, 48 mL ethanol and 2% NaOH catalyst 700 W (50% power), 75–80 °C, 6 min 20.1% DW FAMEs x [70]
Dunaliella tertiolecta Dry Chloroform:methanol (2:1) 100:1 0.2 g algae, 20 mL chloroform:ethanol 490 W, 2 min 40 s 57.02% lipid recovery x [71]
160 W, 7 min 56.98% lipid recovery
Nannochloropsis salina Wet n-hexane (added after microwave extraction) 3:1 60 mL algal culture, 15 mL n-hexane (biomass loading 25%) 1400 W, 205 °C, 25 min, 21.5 bar 24.3% DW FAMEs; 1.65% DW EPA 9.89 [57]
Nannochloropsis sp. (BMRI) Wet Methanol:hexane (1:2) x 10 mL algal culture 2.45 GHz, 1000 W (70% of power), 65 °C, 1 bar, 5 min 38.31% DW lipid x [72]
Nannochloropsis oculata Wet Ethanol:hexane (3:1) (added after microwaving) 23:1 4.3 g algae (1 g dry algae equivalent), 17 mL ethanol, 8 mL distilled water, 5.6 mL hexane 2.45 GHz, 1025 W (100% power), 5 min (15 s heating bursts and cooled for 15 min) 5.2% DW lipid 140.78 [21]
Scenedesmus obliquus Dry Chloroform:methanol (2:1) 20:1 1 g algae, 20 mL chloroform:methanol 1000 W, 100 °C, 10 min 21.43% DW lipid x [73]
Stigeoclonium sp.; Monoraphidium sp.; Nitzschia sp. & Navicula sp. Wet x x 150 mL algal biomass 2.45 GHz, 900 W, 3 min 5 mg/L FAMEs 34.3 [29]
Arthrospira platensis Dry Methanol:ethyl acetate:light petroleum (1:1:1) 17:1 20 g powder (milled with mortar and pestle) 400 W, 70 °C, 1 bar, 15 min 1.59% DW FAs x [74]
Chlorella vulgaris Dry Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 7:1 5 g algae 700 W, 50 s (10 s on, 30 s off cycle) 31.7% DW lipid 2.39 Wh/g [75]
Chlorella sorokiniana Dry x 10:1 1 g algae, 5 g hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid, 2% HCl 800 W, 120 °C, 60 min 27% DW lipid x [62]
Nannochloropsis salina 14% DW lipid
Galdieria sulphuraria 1 g algae, 5 g hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid 22% DW lipid
Scenedesmus obliquus FR751179.1 Dry Chloroform:methanol (2:1) 20:1 1 g algae, 20 mL chloroform:methanol 1000 W, 100 °C, 10 min 16.53% DW lipid x [76]
Scenedesmus obliquus Dry Chloroform:methanol (1:1) 20:1 1 g algae, 20 mL chloroform:methanol 1000 W, 100 °C, 10 min 19.25% DW lipid x [56]
Wet Chloroform:ethanol (1:1) 10.08% DW lipid
Chlorella sp. Wet x x 15 g/L dewatered cells (15 mL distilled water), protonic ionic liquid (10:1 ratio to sample) 700 W, 3 min 3.5% DW lipid (cell disruption 74.75%) x [30]
Chlorococcum sp. 0.803% DW lipid (cell disruption 70.03%)

x stands for no information available or provided in the research papers surveyed.