Table 4.

Pigments extracted from microalgae by MAE.

Microalgal Strain	Dry/Wet Method	Solvents Used	Ratio (Solvent to Sample)	Volumes Added	Microwave Settings	Product & Yield	Energy Use (MJ/kg)	Ref.
Haematococcus pluvialis	Dry	Ethanol:ethyl alcohol (2:1)	49:1	9.81 mL solvent 200 mg algae powder	141 W, 5 min 30 s	0.59% DW astaxanthin	x	[90]
Haematococcus pluvialis	Dry	Acetone	100:1	0.1 g algae, 10 mL acetone	2.45 GHz, 60% of 1200 W output, 75 °C, 5 min	74% astaxanthin recovery	x	[89]
Dunaliella tertiolecta	Dry	Acetone	600:1	50 mg algae, 30 mL acetone	50 W, 56 °C, 1 bar, 3–5 min	0.12% DW β-carotene; 0.45% DW chlorophyll-a; 0.13% DW chlorophyll-b	x	[88]
Cylindrotheca closterium						0.42% DW fucoxanthin
Arthrospira platensis	Dry	Methanol:ethyl acetate:light petroleum (1:1:1)	16.7:1	20 g power (milled with mortar and pestle)	400 W, 70 °C, 1 bar, 15 min	4.27% DW fatty acids	x	[74]
						0.063% DW carotenoids
Haematococcus pluvialis	Dry	Acetic ether	100:1	5 g algae, 500 mL solvent, 10 mL distilled water, 10 mL n-hexane	2.45 GHz, 45 °C, 30 min	7.96 mg/100 mg astaxanthin (36.88% yield)	x	[38]
Arthrospira platensis	x	Ethanol:ammonium acetate (10 mM) (4:1)	x	x	400 W, 60 °C, 1 bar, 15 min	0.014% DW β-carotene	x	[91]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	Dry	Ethanol	20:1	0.5 g algae, 10 mL ethanol	2.45 GHz, 850 W, 30 °C, 2 min	4.51% DW carotenoids & 0.46% DW fucoxanthin (32.26% recovery)	x	[14]

x stands for no information available or provided in the research papers surveyed.