Table 4.
Potential biomarkers and associated diseases that can be detected with an EFC biosensor.
| Biomarker/Analyte | Enzymes | Application/Condition | Biofluid | Type of Sensor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites | ||||
| Glucose | Gox/GDH/CDH | Diabetes | Blood, saliva, sweat | Wearable |
| Lactate | LOx/LDH | Hypoxia | Blood, saliva, sweat | Wearable |
| Cholesterol | ChOx/ChDH | Atherosclerosis/heart failure | Blood | Implantable |
| Ketone bodies | 3-HBDH | Diabetes | Blood | Implantable |
| Uric acid | Uricase | Renal syndrome | Blood, saliva | Wearable |
| Creatinine | SOx | Chronic kidney disease | Blood, saliva | Wearable |
| Sarcosine | SOx | Prostate Cancer | Blood, urine | Implantable |
| Bilirubin | BOx | Jaundice/Kernicterus | Blood | Implantable |
| Neurotransmitters | ||||
| Glutamate | GlOx | Neurodegenerative diseases | Brain | Implantable |
| Acetylcholine | AChE-Choline oxidase | Neurodegenerative diseases | Blood | Implantable |
| Other analytes | ||||
| Levodopa | Tyrosinase | Parkinson treatment | Blood | Implantable |
| Alcohol | ADH/AOx | Alcohol abuse | Blood | Wearable |
GOx: glucose oxidase; GDH: glucose dehydrogenase; CDH: cellobiose dehydrogenase; LOx: lactate oxidase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ChOx: cholesterol oxidase; ChDH: cholesterol oxidase; 3-HBDH: 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; SOx: sarcosine oxidase; GlOx: glutamate dehydrogenase; AChE: acetylcholinesterase; ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; AOx: alcohol oxidase.