Table 7.

Biomaterials used for polyjet printing.

Materials	Process	Test Model	Key Findings	Ref.
Elastic photopolymer (FullCure 930 TangoPlus) by Stratasys	3D printed live size aortic aneurysum phantom from patients CT files using a Stratasys Eden 260 polyjet printer. The phantom cost was $254.49 and took 13 hours to 3D print.	Mock surgical procedure was performed under live fluoroscope using the 3D printed phantom	Pre-surgical planning & simulation was possible with patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm phantom. Simulation was effective in planning surgical challenges & complications than standard procedures (2D image diagnostics).	[45]
Rigid acrylic resin (AR-M2) for Agilista-3200 3D printer, Japan	3D printed patient-specific intrahepatic vessel models	Preoperative planning in hepatocellular carcinoma resection procedure	The use of 3D printed intrahepatic vessel models from patient’s data (CT files) has greatly improved the surgical quality of the hepatocellular carcinoma procedure.	[46]
Photopolymer resin	3D printed customized surgical aids (cutting and repositioning guides) for genioplasty. CAD/CAM models were created from the patients CT images and patient specific surgical guides were fabricated using SLA based 3D printer (3D systems).	Genioplasty performed on 88 patients with dentofacial deformities	3D printed genioplasty templates provided greater accuracy in the surgical procedures than traditional intraoperative measurements.	[47]
Multiple photopolymer resins on Connex 3 polyjet	Printed at 16 µm layer height	3D printed anatomical phantoms of liver and microspheres from patient’s CT data	These phantoms offered a method to quantify radiation dose form Y-90 microspheres for treatment of liver cancer	[48]
Multiple photopolymer resins printed using Connex 350	Printed anatomical liver with different materials for vasculature and biliary structures	Used as preoperative surgical guidance model for 3 cases of liver transplant	6 patient specific liver models were 3D printed (3 living donor and 3 recipients). Significantly improved surgery and minimized intraoperative complications.	[49]
Multiple photopolymer resins printed using Objet 500 Connex	Printed anatomical model of head with different materials for skin, bone and tissues	Used these models as a training tool for neuro surgery	Significantly improved the training experience of surgeons by improving navigation and planning	[50]
Photopolymer RGD525 and Connex 500	Printed with polymers that are visible under MRI scanners	Spine model containing C6–C8 vertebrae including tumors in them.	Anatomically accurate phantoms that can be imaged under CT and MRI were developed. Improving preoperative planning for MR guided minimally invasive surgeries.	[51]
Multiple photopolymers and Objet 350 Connex	Materials with different rigidity were used to mimic native tissue’s mechanical properties.	Different models such as hollow aneurysm, craniocerebral aneurysm, and craniocerebral tumors	Aneurysm clippings and tumor resection planning were efficiently planned with these models	[52]
Multiple photopolymers and Objet studio	Materials with different flexibilities were used	50 patients were randomly chosen to explain medical procedure using 3D printed model	3D printed model of nasal sinus anatomy was used as educational tool to enable patients to make informed decision. Results suggest improved patient comfort levels and outcomes.	[53]
Projet 3512 HD	Rigid material was used to create molds for nephrology sectioning.	5 patient specific slicing guides were 3D printed for partial nephrectomy	Enabled accurate sectioning of tumors for colocalization analysis for radiomic and radiogenomic analyses	[54]