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. 2018 Jan;48:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.007

Table 3.

Expected annual damage (EAD) and cost of adaptation (in 2010 constant euro prices or percentage of 2010 GFCF) for multi-hazard multi-sector analysis. Values for different time windows refer to results obtained by adding up single-hazard multi-model medians and reflect the EAD and adaptation costs assuming climate conditions of the time window imposed on present infrastructures. Note that for Cyprus, Malta and Iceland (coastal and river floods, and droughts) some hazards are not modelled, so no damage is included for these hazards in these countries.

Country EAD (€ million)
EAD (% of GFCF)
Capital cost (€ million)
Capital cost (% of GFCF)
Annual O&M cost (€ million)
2000s 2020s 2050s 2080s 2000s 2020s 2050s 2080s 2020s 2050s 2080s 2020s 2050s 2080s 2020s 2050s 2080s
AT 72 134 224 485 0.11 0.21 0.35 0.76 223 771 2260 0.35 1.21 3.54 17.3 30 59
BE 58 77 136 237 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.30 70 350 994 0.09 0.44 1.25 5.4 13.6 26
BG 15 54 68 169 0.18 0.64 0.81 1.99 139 329 883 1.63 3.88 10.39 10.8 12.8 23
CH 136 261 530 910 0.14 0.26 0.53 0.91 449 1869 4655 0.45 1.86 4.64 35 73 121
CY 0 1 5 9 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.21 1 19 51 0.03 0.47 1.21 0.1 0.8 1.3
CZ 87 118 101 142 0.21 0.28 0.24 0.34 112 163 362 0.27 0.39 0.86 8.7 6.3 9.4
DE 579 1039 1788 2956 0.12 0.21 0.36 0.59 1657 6010 14,569 0.33 1.20 2.91 129 234 378
DK 66 124 187 291 0.15 0.28 0.42 0.66 210 646 1,458 0.48 1.47 3.31 16.3 25 38
EE 6 15 32 42 0.21 0.47 1.02 1.34 29 121 249 0.94 3.88 7.96 2.3 4.7 6.4
ES 394 2,270 5,344 10,759 0.16 0.91 2.15 4.32 6,753 24,572 61,885 2.71 9.87 24.85 525 956 1,604
FI 15 39 72 127 0.04 0.09 0.18 0.31 86 293 696 0.21 0.72 1.70 6.7 11.4 18
FR 432 1,368 2,865 5,378 0.10 0.31 0.65 1.22 3,372 12,131 29,937 0.76 2.75 6.79 262 472 776
GR 44 223 1,270 1,759 0.11 0.56 3.20 4.43 645 5,058 11,232 1.62 12.74 28.29 50 197 291
HR 21 55 163 499 0.22 0.57 1.70 5.21 122 635 2,357 1.28 6.63 24.62 10 25 61
HU 47 56 112 169 0.23 0.28 0.56 0.85 35 269 712 0.18 1.35 3.56 2.7 10.5 18
IE 13 21 49 55 0.04 0.07 0.17 0.19 29 159 311 0.10 0.54 1.05 2.3 6.2 8.1
IS 1 1 5 8 0.05 0.07 0.38 0.60 1 18 46 0.07 1.27 3.25 0.1 0.7 1.2
IT 460 2,617 4,901 8,939 0.14 0.82 1.53 2.79 7,768 23,756 54,282 2.43 7.42 16.96 604 924 1,407
LT 9 26 42 49 0.19 0.54 0.89 1.04 59 177 320 1.25 3.73 6.77 4.6 6.9 8.3
LU 6 8 11 20 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.28 9 26 77 0.12 0.36 1.07 0.7 1.0 2.0
LV 9 22 39 42 0.25 0.65 1.14 1.21 49 160 278 1.42 4.63 8.08 3.8 6.2 7.2
MT 0 10 9 10 0.01 0.73 0.63 0.74 36 68 105 2.58 4.82 7.44 2.8 2.6 2.7
NL 76 105 156 202 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.16 104 393 848 0.08 0.31 0.68 8.1 15.3 22
NO 19 31 69 113 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.17 41 221 558 0.06 0.33 0.84 3.2 8.6 14.5
PL 206 277 240 260 0.28 0.38 0.33 0.35 257 379 576 0.35 0.52 0.78 20.0 14.7 14.9
PT 48 376 900 1,583 0.13 1.02 2.44 4.29 1,180 4,249 9,776 3.20 11.50 26.47 92 165 253
RO 101 261 289 661 0.31 0.79 0.88 2.01 575 1,252 3,269 1.75 3.81 9.94 45 49 85
SE 52 87 180 239 0.06 0.11 0.22 0.29 126 587 1,257 0.15 0.71 1.53 9.8 23 33
SI 17 39 72 233 0.23 0.50 0.93 3.01 77 274 1,050 1.00 3.55 13.59 6 11 27
SK 19 27 82 208 0.13 0.18 0.55 1.39 29 258 938 0.19 1.73 6.29 2.2 10.0 24
UK 403 563 679 1,076 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.37 575 1,566 3,988 0.20 0.54 1.37 44.7 61 103
EU+ 3,410 10,304 20,621 37,632 0.12 0.38 0.75 1.37 24,820 86,778 209,977 0.90 3.16 7.65 1,930 3,375 5,444